Chinese Women Essay -- China Chinese Culture Essays

Chinese Women Traditional Chinese society was patriarchal, patrilineal, and patrilocal. In this male prevail society, sons were preferred to daughters, and women were expected to be subordinate to their bewilders, husbands, and sons. Because marriages were arranged, young women and men had virtually no voice in the decisions on their marriage partner, resulting in loveless marriages. one time married, it was the woman who left her family and community and went to live with her husbands family, where she was subordinate to her mother-in-law. In some cases, female infants were subjected to a high rate of infanticide, or interchange as slaves to wealthy families. Men were permitted to take as many wives as they wished and abjure feet, which were customary even for peasant women, symbolized the painful constraints of the female character reference. Chinese women were considered economy class citizens and were subject to the wishes and restraints of men. The basic unit of C hinese society, the family, was male dominated. The oldest living male designd the patriarchal Chinese family. As the head of the family, the grandfather or father decided whom the children and grandchildren would marry. Because the Chinese practiced a patrilineal system, ancestry was only traced through the male side of the family. When a woman married in the patrilocal system, she was no longer a member of her own family and was sent to live with her husbands family. Her mother-in-law was to be considered her own new mother and her authority was absolute (Major 107-109). Her rule could be benevolent but, far more generally, is reported to have been harsh and autocratic in the extreme, leading at times to suicide (Tregear 120). Daughters, whose long-term function to their families was limited, were valued much less than sons. Traditional Chinese philosophy was that, raising daughters is like raising children for another family (Major 109). After O-lan delivers her first daugh ter, in the novel The trade good Earth, she says to her husband Wang Lung, It is only a slave this time not worth mentioning (Buck 65). Sometimes daughters were sold as servants or prostitutes, or even killed in format to give sons a better chance for survival in times of stress or prolonged famine. During a time of great famine, O-lan, wishing to do what is best for husband, suggests selling their daughter, If it were only ... ...his womens feet and associates small feet with attractiveness and sex (Buck 169-180). Chinese women had no choice but to comply with this torture. It was a social host of long standing and a girl was disgraced if she came to maturity with unbound or large feet (Latourette 84). When a girl reached the marriageable age, she had better hopes of marrying well if she had bound feet. It was seen to be a reflection on her parents ability to raise her properly. Mothers told their daughters that a womans attractiveness resided more in her character than i n her depend or body. Bound feet showed discipline and respect for the Confucian idea of a mindful body. Furthermore, small feet showed refinement and class, which reflected back on a womans family (Vento 4). The disgusting display of sexism in China has been immensely reduced by the Communist regime. However, the situation is still far from ideal. Although concubinage and footbinding have been outlawed, the womans role is still considered to be in the home. As Soren Kierkegaard once said, the present state of the world and the whole of life is diseased. With a little luck, the cure will be discovered soon.

Mobile Devices Essay -- Technology, Invention, Education

Mobile devices such as winding phones, smart phones, palmtops and handheld computers (personal digital assistants (PDAs) and tablet PCs Kukulska-Hulme (2005) add an extra dimension to the technology employ in teaching and learning. This change has led to a new concept called m-learning (mobile learning) and there are now a number of examples where mobile devices have been co-ordinated into formal education and/or informal learning (Kukulska-Hulme 2009). Opportunities such as learner-centred learning and learning after-school(prenominal) the classroom are made possible inwardly m-learning due to the number of different attributes that are offered by mobile devices (Kukulska-Hulme 2005). Pachler et al, (2010) elaborate on this, stating that mobile devices have a number of important characteristics that make them loving from an educational perspective, including increasing portability, functionality, multimedia convergence, ubiquity, personal ownership, social interactivity, cont ext sensitivity, location awareness, connectivity and personalisation. Kukulska-Hulme (2005) noted that personal, informal, contextual, portable, ubiquitous and pervasive nature of mobile devices are particularly serviceable in learner centred learning. Moura & Carvalho (2008) and Scanlon et al. (2005) conclude that mobility and portability have the potential for making accessing information and interaction more effective in science learning. Further they allow the learner to learn autonomously (Callum & Kinshuk 2006), collaboratively (Eliasson et al., 2010) and withal provide opportunities to conduct learning experiences outside the teacher-managed classroom (Naismith et al., 2004), (Corbeil & Valdes-Corbeil 2007) by expanding learning beyond the four walls of the classroom and thus... .../or students to bring the outside world into the classroom during a science lesson(Ekanayake & Wishart,2010a). According to the findings of this study, the mobile phone camera could be used to support the teacher during the different stages of a lesson including planning, implementating and reviewing. The phones themselves also helped students to learn science effectively by enabling collaborative and authentic learning opportunities. In addition to this Ekanayake & Wishart (2010b) report a study where students used mobile phone video to record the deflection of a galvanometer in a secondary level science lesson. According to the authors, the mobile phones video camera helped students to baffle a fleeting (observation) event which could have been missed otherwise. This enabled the students to view their observations repeatedly and share them with their peers.

Is it Safe to Pray? :: essays research papers

Is it Safe to Pray?No matter what religion a someone practices, everybody has gone to church whether it is on a regular basis or for an occasion such(prenominal) as a wedding or funeral. When you look up at the altar and see the priest, you dont question their morality because society is taught not to question a higher(prenominal) authority figure. Why would such a symbol of purity and sanctity have anything shameful to hide? All of the sudden the man at the altar has lawsuits being filed against him. Child harassment is presenting itself as an issue that is becoming recurrent in society and more of an epidemic within the Catholic church building. In the past, the priests involved in these incidents have not been subjected to a punishment equal to the crime they committed. A priest involved in such deplorable activities should right away be defrocked and subjected to nefarious prosecution.This is a puzzle that lends itself to secrecy. The priests who commit these immoral acts a re masters at using justifications, denial, and within an environment of religion, to look for a higher power for forgiveness which allows the abusive priest in his own mind to excuse the behavior. The failure of some bishops of the Church and the Church itself to respond effectively in the manner consistent with their ranks as leading with a duty to protect to most vulnerable members of the Church, is in some ways more disturbing than the criminal acts of the priests themselves. These same bishops may have mixed-up forgiveness with leniency towards criminal behavior. In some cases, the bishops and other church leaders placed their thoughts and emotions with the accused priests oer those of the victims, by accepting the denials from the priests instead of audition to the victims. Numerous cases are adding up into the millions and the churches are filing bankruptcy. But ultimately where does the fault lie? What actions should be taken to see that justice is served and have the C atholic Church remain solvent? If a priest is found to have committed acts of sexual misconduct with minors, he should not be shuttled from one position in the church to another but should in fact be defrocked and removed completely from the Catholic Church and deprived of any services provided by the Church. In this manner, it is possible to remove the temptation from the priest and safeguard the wellbeing of the Church family.Is it Safe to Pray? essays research papers Is it Safe to Pray?No matter what religion a person practices, everybody has gone to church whether it is on a regular basis or for an occasion such as a wedding or funeral. When you look up at the altar and see the priest, you dont question their morality because society is taught not to question a higher authority figure. Why would such a symbol of purity and sanctity have anything shameful to hide? All of the sudden the man at the altar has lawsuits being filed against him. Child molestation is presenting itsel f as an issue that is becoming recurrent in society and more of an epidemic within the Catholic Church. In the past, the priests involved in these incidents have not been subjected to a punishment equal to the crime they committed. A priest involved in such deplorable activities should immediately be defrocked and subjected to criminal prosecution.This is a problem that lends itself to secrecy. The priests who commit these immoral acts are masters at using justifications, denial, and within an environment of religion, to look for a higher power for forgiveness which allows the abusive priest in his own mind to excuse the behavior. The failure of some bishops of the Church and the Church itself to respond effectively in the manner consistent with their positions as leaders with a duty to protect to most vulnerable members of the Church, is in some ways more disturbing than the criminal acts of the priests themselves. These same bishops may have confused forgiveness with leniency towa rds criminal behavior. In some cases, the bishops and other church leaders placed their thoughts and emotions with the accused priests over those of the victims, by accepting the denials from the priests instead of listening to the victims. Numerous cases are adding up into the millions and the churches are filing bankruptcy. But ultimately where does the fault lie? What actions should be taken to see that justice is served and have the Catholic Church remain solvent? If a priest is found to have committed acts of sexual misconduct with minors, he should not be shuttled from one position in the church to another but should in fact be defrocked and removed completely from the Catholic Church and deprived of any services provided by the Church. In this manner, it is possible to remove the temptation from the priest and safeguard the wellbeing of the Church family.

Losing Faith Young Goodman Brown Essays -- essays papers

Losing credit schoolgirlish Goodman dark-brownThroughout the short story Young Goodman Brown, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne the primary(prenominal) character is searching for Faith in what appears to be an increasingly baby world. Faith takes on a double meaning in this story, for Faith is apply both as the name of Young Goodman Browns reasonably young married woman and the spiritual devotion of Young Goodman Brown to the puritan Faith. The dual usage of Faith in this short story, along with its theme of devil worship amongst Puritan society draws the reader in, and leaves the story imprinted on his brain for a long clipping to come.As the story opens, Young Goodman Brown is about to enter the timbre to partake upon an evil purpose. He leaves behind his sweet, pretty, young married woman of three months, who wears pretty pink ribbons in her hair, urging her to Say thy prayers, dear Faith, and go to jazz at dusk, and no harm will come to thee (p. 102). Young Goodman Brown is hesitant about leaving his Faith behind to go on such an errand, to venture into the forest where the devil himself could be at my very elbow (p. 103). at one time in the forest, Young Goodman Brown is met with the figure of a man, in sedate and decent attire, seated at the foot of an old tree (p. 103). When questioned as to why he has dallied in meeting this figure, Young Goodman Brown replies Faith kept me back awhile (p. 103). In the literal sense, Young Goodman Browns pretty young wife delayed him from his meeting with the dark figure by begging him to displace off his journey until sunrise and sleep in his own bed to-night (p. 103). In a symbolic sense, Young Goodman Browns devotion to all that is just in the world has made him hesitant to enter the corrupt reality of the forest.... ...ditate his sermon, and Goody Cloyse catechizing a little girl. He spies the head of Faith, with the pink ribbons, gazing anxiously forth, and bursting into such delight at th e sight of him that she skipped along the street and almost kissed her husband before the alone village (p. 111). Young Goodman Brown looks sternly and sadly into her face, and passes on without a greeting. Had Young Goodman Brown fallen asleep in the forest and only daydream a wild dream of a witch-meeting? (p. 112). It does not matter, for Young Goodman Brown becomes a stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not a expansive man (p. 111). He shrinks from the bosom of Faith, and he dies a hoary body (p. 111). It does not matter that Young Goodman Brown rejected the Devil at his pyrogenic altar that night in the forest. The Devil has claimed his Faith in macrocosm in another way. Losing Faith Young Goodman Brown Essays -- essays papersLosing Faith Young Goodman BrownThroughout the short story Young Goodman Brown, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne the main character is searching for Faith in what appears to be an increasingly corrupt world. Faith take s on a double meaning in this story, for Faith is used both as the name of Young Goodman Browns pretty young wife and the spiritual devotion of Young Goodman Brown to the Puritan Faith. The dual usage of Faith in this short story, along with its theme of devil worship amongst Puritan society draws the reader in, and leaves the story imprinted on his brain for a long time to come.As the story opens, Young Goodman Brown is about to enter the forest to partake upon an evil purpose. He leaves behind his sweet, pretty, young wife of three months, who wears pretty pink ribbons in her hair, urging her to Say thy prayers, dear Faith, and go to bed at dusk, and no harm will come to thee (p. 102). Young Goodman Brown is hesitant about leaving his Faith behind to go on such an errand, to venture into the forest where the devil himself could be at my very elbow (p. 103). Once in the forest, Young Goodman Brown is met with the figure of a man, in grave and decent attire, seated at the fo ot of an old tree (p. 103). When questioned as to why he has dallied in meeting this figure, Young Goodman Brown replies Faith kept me back awhile (p. 103). In the literal sense, Young Goodman Browns pretty young wife delayed him from his meeting with the dark figure by begging him to put off his journey until sunrise and sleep in his own bed to-night (p. 103). In a symbolic sense, Young Goodman Browns devotion to all that is just in the world has made him hesitant to enter the corrupt reality of the forest.... ...ditate his sermon, and Goody Cloyse catechizing a little girl. He spies the head of Faith, with the pink ribbons, gazing anxiously forth, and bursting into such joy at the sight of him that she skipped along the street and almost kissed her husband before the whole village (p. 111). Young Goodman Brown looks sternly and sadly into her face, and passes on without a greeting. Had Young Goodman Brown fallen asleep in the forest and only dreamed a wild dream of a witch-mee ting? (p. 112). It does not matter, for Young Goodman Brown becomes a stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not a desperate man (p. 111). He shrinks from the bosom of Faith, and he dies a hoary corpse (p. 111). It does not matter that Young Goodman Brown rejected the Devil at his fiery altar that night in the forest. The Devil has claimed his Faith in humanity in another way.

Biology of Mangroves :: Research Essays Term Papers

Biology of MangrovesOne of the nigh unique and least understood environments lay out in nature is that of the mangrove. This ecosystem is found at the junction between land and sea. Author, Loren Eiseley (1971) wrote vividly about his encounter with a mangrove forest in the book The Night CountryA world like that is not really natural. Parts of it are neither land nor sea and so everything is moving from one element to another cryptograph stays put where it began because everything is constantly climbing in, or climbing out, of its unstable environment. The actual word mangrove can be used in dickens ways. It can refer to an individual species of plant or it can indicate a group or forest of plants that contains many species (Figure 1). To determine what constitutes a mangrove species many aspects are considered including (1) air temperature within a certain range, (2) mud substrate, (3) protection, (4) salt water, (5) tidal range, (6) ocean currents and (7) modify shores. To cla rify, each of these aspects will be considered in turn. The best mangrove development has been found to occur only when the average air temperature of the coldest month is higher than 20 degrees Celsius and where the seasonal range does not make it ten degrees. Most extensive mangroves are associated with muddy soils along deltaic coasts, in lagoons and along estuarine shorelines. In order for mangroves to survive a protected coastline is all-important(a) as mangrove communities cannot develop where high levels of wave action prevent the establishment of seedlings. In terms of salt water, there is increasing evidence that most mangroves have their optimal growth in the presence of some additional sodium chloride. The tidal range plays an important role in mangrove development. The great the tidal range, the greater the vertical range available for the community. Also for a given tidal range, steep shores tend to have narrower mangrove zones than do softly sloping ones. Another a spect of mangrove communities is ocean current. The currents are essential since they act to disperse the mangrove propagules and distribute them along the coasts. The need for a shallow shore is the last major aspect of mangrove forests. This is apparent when considering that seedlings cannot become anchored in deep water and that the mangrove requires a large proportion of its bole to be above the water (Hutchings and Saenger, 1987). Mangrove forests are established in various regions of the world and one of the most prominent regions is the continent of Australia.

Biology of Mangroves :: Research Essays Term Papers

Biology of MangrovesOne of the close unique and least understand environments found in nature is that of the mangrove. This ecosystem is found at the junction between land and sea. Author, Loren Eiseley (1971) wrote vividly about his encounter with a mangrove tone in the book The Night CountryA world like that is not really natural. Parts of it are neither land nor sea and so everything is abject from one element to anotherNothing stays put where it began because everything is constantly climbing in, or climbing out, of its unstable environment. The actual word mangrove spate be used in two ways. It can refer to an individual species of plant or it can indicate a group or forest of plants that contains many species (Figure 1). To determine what constitutes a mangrove species many aspects are considered including (1) air temperature within a certain range, (2) mud substrate, (3) protection, (4) saltiness water, (5) tidal range, (6) ocean currents and (7) school shores. To clarif y, each of these aspects will be considered in turn. The best mangrove development has been found to occur only when the average air temperature of the coldest month is higher than 20 degrees Celsius and where the seasonal range does not exceed ten degrees. Most extensive mangroves are associated with muddy soils along deltaic coasts, in lagoons and along estuarine shorelines. In separate for mangroves to survive a protected coastline is essential as mangrove communities cannot develop where high levels of wave action prevent the establishment of seedlings. In terms of salt water, there is increasing evidence that most mangroves have their optimal growth in the presence of some additional sodium chloride. The tidal range plays an grievous role in mangrove development. The greater the tidal range, the greater the vertical range available for the community. Also for a given tidal range, steep shores run to have narrower mangrove zones than do gently sloping ones. Another aspect of mangrove communities is ocean current. The currents are essential since they act to disperse the mangrove propagules and get by them along the coasts. The need for a shallow shore is the last major aspect of mangrove forests. This is apparent when considering that seedlings cannot become anchored in deep water and that the mangrove requires a large proportion of its body to be above the water (Hutchings and Saenger, 1987). Mangrove forests are established in various regions of the world and one of the most prominent regions is the continent of Australia.

Sanchez and Levine Summary

In making the character between competency modeling (CM) and traditional Job analysis (TAXI the authors articulate that the latter encores itself with describing and measuring day-to-day trading operations of specific roles In an organization while the former relates to desired portal competencies that transcend various roles and In doing so contribute to an overarching organizational strategy. The authors compare CM and TAX along six dimensions purpose, view of the job, focus, time orientation, performance level and measurement accession.While all dimensions are equally important in making a clear distinction between the two concepts, for the purpose of this summary I will be focusing on what is in my opinion he threesome most relevant distinctions between the two HRS methodologies namely, focus, time orientation and performance level. The authors argue that TAX focuses solely on the job and in doing so fails to severalise that job behavior could be influenced by factors other than formal responsibilities.CM on the other hand, builds itself around nonions of employer brand and employee value proposition that include behavioral themes and unique performance characteristics that arrive at directly from the organizational identity itself. The focus of CM Is particularly important because it has significant practical implications when communicating management expectations to employees.An employer brand should identify with a avocation strategy and communicating strategic competencies as a component of management expectations is more likely to encourage on-brand behavior in the delivery of products and services to guests, careless(predicate) of the employees Job title. For example, the inclusion of Discretionary Effort among Feeders competencies encourages Its employees to go above and beyond their day-to-day Job responsibilities and provide creative solutions to customers demands, which Is consistent with an overarching business strategy of exceeding cu stomer expectations.Furthermore, since competencies communicate universal behavioral themes that the organization wishes to see across all Jobs, employees seeking career advancement are able to identify with these themes and perform their duties that not only benefit themselves but the organization as well. Most organizations do not engage their employees In a manner that encourages them to demonstrate such on-brand behavior.However It seems instead clear, that accompanying specific job duties with these behavioral themes and rewarding employees for demonstrating such behaviors in the workplace could throw off a significant impact on a firms account and overall consistency in the manner employees perform their duties. Secondly, the authors argue that TAX Is rooted In the past because It concerns itself with describing a Job by relying on those who have performed the Job till date.In contrast CM NAS a Touch on ten Torture, Decease It communicates straightaway a Joy snouts be inte rpreted and performed from now on regardless of past behavior. TAX takes a bottom-up approach relying on information obtained from employees performing the job, while CM takes a top-down approach by communicating generic behavioral themes identified by leaders who are also responsible for strategic planning.Furthermore, the authors interject that TAX outlines day-to-day functional capabilities that have facilitated the survival of the organization till date, while CM concerns itself with change-oriented competencies that encourage employees to demonstrate certain behavioral characteristics that may facilitate growth and hang. In essence, CM allows employees to better understand how their specific Job assignments contribute to the organizations strategic initiatives and when provided with the right incentives, employees are more likely to change their behaviors that align with these strategies going in to the future.Providing employees with a sense of purpose and direction that fac ilitates the firms future growth is more likely to encourage behaviors that go above and beyond an employees basic duties in serving the customers which may in turn serve the organization as well. Last but not the least, the distinct performance level addressed by TAX and CM is of particular significance because it allows us to understand what will bring out the best from employees in an organization.While TAX addresses the typical requirements needed to perform the work assignments, CM focuses on maximal performance by encouraging a series of loosely coupled behavioral themes that go beyond the operational efficiency of basic aspects of a Job. This distinction is significant because if managers wish to encourage employees to perform at a level hat goes beyond the typical day-to-day responsibilities, they must excel at implicitly communicating these behavioral themes to others in the organization.These themes tend to be generic so they transcend across all Job titles within the orga nization and bear on the interpersonal aspects of the manner in which the Job ought to be performed. Therefore, as mentioned earlier, those seeking career advancement have a clear idea of what sort of behavior will result in favorable outcomes and that optimizing day-to-day operations alone will not serve them or the organization in the long run.

Deception Point Page 111

Rachel blushed, her skin tingling. Thanks.The agent led Rachel down the impeccably appointed hallway to a plain-looking doorway nearby.The capital of Nebraska Bedroom, the agent said. And as I am always speculate to say outside this door, Sleep well, and beware of ghosts.Rachel nodded. The subdivisionends of ghosts in the Lincoln Bedroom were as anile as the White House itself. It was said that Winston Churchill had seen Lincolns ghost here, as had countless others, including Eleanor Roosevelt, Amy Carter, actor Richard Dreyfuss, and decades of maids and butlers. President Reagans dog was said to bark outside this door for hours at a time.The thoughts of historical spirits suddenly made Rachel realize what a sacred place this room was. She felt suddenly embarrassed, standing there in her long football jersey, reave-legged, like some college coed sneaking into a boys room. Is this kosher? she whispered to the agent. I mean this is the Lincoln Bedroom.The agent winked. Our policy o n this base of operations is Dont ask, dont tell.Rachel smiled. Thanks. She reached for the door-knob, already feeling the anticipation of what lay beyond.Rachel The nasal vocalize carried down the hallway like a buzz proverb.Rachel and the agent turned. Corky Marlinson was hobbling toward them on crutches, his leg now professionally bandaged. I couldnt sleep eitherRachel slumped, sensing her romantic tryst about to disintegrate.Corkys eyes inspected the cute Secret Service agent. He flashed her a broad smile. I love women in uniform.The agent pulled aside her blazer to reveal a lethal-looking sidearm.Corky backed off. Point taken. He turned to Rachel. Is microphone awake, too? You going in? Corky looked eager to join the party.Rachel groaned. Actually, Corky Dr. Marlinson, the Secret Service agent intervened, pulling a note from her blazer. According to this note, which was given(p) to me by Mr. Tolland, I have explicit orders to escort you down to the kitchen, have our chef ma ke you anything you want, and ask you to explain to me in vivid detail how you saved yourself from genuine death by the agent hesitated, grimacing as she read the note again. by urinating on yourself?Apparently, the agent had said the magic words. Corky dropped his crutches on the spot and go down an arm around the womans shoulders for support, and said, To the kitchen, loveAs the indisposed agent helped Corky hobble off down the hall, Rachel had no doubt Corky Marlinson was in heaven. The pissing is the key, she heard him saying, because those damned telencephalon olfactory lobes can smell everythingThe Lincoln Bedroom was dark when Rachel entered. She was surp boostd to see the bed empty and untouched. Michael Tolland was nowhere to be seen.An old-fashioned oil lamp burned near the bed, and in the soft radiance, she could barely make out the Brussels carpet the famous carved rosewood bed the portraiture of Lincolns wife, Mary Todd even the desk where Lincoln signed the Emanc ipation Proclamation.As Rachel closed the door behind her, she felt a clammy draft on her bare legs. Where is he? Across the room, a windowpane was open, the white organza curtains billowing. She walked over to close the window, and an eerie whisper murmured from the closet.Maaaarrrrrrrry Rachel wheeled.Maaaaaarrrrrrrry? the voice whispered again. Is that you? Mary Todd Liiiiiincoln?Rachel quickly closed the window and turned back toward the closet. Her heart was racing, although she knew it was foolish. Mike, I know thats you.Noooooo the voice continued. I am not Mike I am Aaaaabe.Rachel put her hands on her hips. Oh, authentically? Honest Abe?A muffled laugh. Moderately honest Abe yes.Rachel was laughing now too.Be afraaaaaaid, the voice from the closet moaned. Be veeeeeery afraid.Im not afraid.Please be afraid the voice moaned. In the human species, the emotions of fear and sexual arousal are closely linked.Rachel burst out laughing. Is this your idea of a turn-on?Forgiiiive m e the voice moaned. Its been yeeeeeeears since Ive been with a woman.Evidently, Rachel said, yanking the door open.Michael Tolland stood before her with his roguish, lopsided grin. He looked irresistible wearing a pair of navy blue satin pajamas. Rachel did a double take when she saw the presidential seal emblazoned on his chest.Presidential pajamas?He shrugged. They were in the drawer.And all I had was this football jersey?You should have chosen the Lincoln Bedroom.You should have offeredI heard the mattress was bad. Antique horsehair. Tolland winked, motioning to a gift-wrapped package on a marble-topped table. Thisll make it up to you.Rachel was touched. For me?I had one of the presidential aides go out and run into this for you. Just arrived. Dont shake it.She carefully opened the package, extracting the heavy contents. Inside was a large crystal bowl in which were swimming two ugly orange goldfish. Rachel stared in confused disappointment. Youre joking, right?Helostoma temmi ncki, Tolland said proudly.You bought me fish?Rare Chinese kissing fish. Very romantic.Fish are not romantic, Mike.Tell that to these guys. Theyll kiss for hours.Is this supposed to be another turn-on?Im rusty on the romance. Can you grade me on effort?For future reference, Mike, fish are definitely not a turn-on. Try flowers.Tolland pulled a bouquet of white lilies from behind his back. I tried for red roses, he said, but I almost got shot sneaking into the arise Garden.As Tolland pulled Rachels body against his and inhaled the soft fragrance of her hair, he felt years of quiet isolation dissolving inside him. He kissed her deeply, feeling her body rise against him. The white lilies fell to their feet, and barriers Tolland had never known hed built were suddenly melting away.The ghosts are gone.He felt Rachel inching him toward the bed now, her whisper soft in his ear. You dont really think fish are romantic, do you?I do, he said, kissing her again. You should see the jellyfish ma ting ritual. Incredibly erotic.Rachel maneuvered him onto his back on the horsehair mattress, easing her dainty body down on top of his.And seahorses, Tolland said, breathless as he savored her touch through the thin satin of his pajamas. Seahorses perform an unbelievably sensual dance of love. fair to middling fish talk, she whispered, unbuttoning his pajamas. What can you tell me about the mating rituals of advanced primates?Tolland sighed. Im afraid I dont really do primates.Rachel shed her football jersey. Well, nature boy, I suggest you learn fast.EpilogueThe NASA transport jet banked high over the Atlantic.Onboard, Administrator Lawrence Ekstrom took a last look at the huge charred rock in the cargo hold. Back to the sea, he thought. Where they found you.On Ekstroms command, the pilot opened the cargo doors and released the rock. They watched as the mammoth stone plummeted downward behind the plane, arcing across the sunstruck ocean sky and disappearing beneath the waves in a pillar of silver spray.

Acct 410 Government and Not for Profit Chp 11-15 Quiz Essay

research 14 off of 4 points Federal bills must be used only for activities that are within the scope of the grant would be a(n) fare Selected execute permissible activityCorrect Answer allowable activity brain 20 out of 4 points In reporting the results of a performance audit, it is appropriate for the auditors toAnswer Correct Answer all of the above. Question 34 out of 4 points Which of the following is a discolor Book standard in respect to independence?Answer Selected Answer auditors should not audit their own work Correct Answer auditors should not audit their own work Question 44 out of 4 points The Yellow Books general standards are issued by theAnswer Selected Answer GAOCorrect Answer GAO Question 54 out of 4 points In recognise the objectives of a program to be audited, the auditorsshould give the least credibility toAnswer Selected Answer comments by the lower-level employees who actually depend on the program for their liveliho ods. Correct Answer comments by the lower-level employees who actually depend on the program for their livelihoods. Question 64 out of 4 points Which of the following is not reported upon in the Schedule of Findings and Questioned be?Answer Selected Answer reportable conditions related to internal control Correct Answer reportable conditions related to internal control Question 70 out of 4 points Government analyseing Standards characterizes government engagements into which of the following three categories?Answer Correct Answer pecuniary audits, compliance audits, and performance audits Question 84 out of 4 points The process of specifically directing federal funds to a particular program is calledAnswer Selected Answer earmarkingCorrect Answer earmarking Question 94 out of 4 points Government Auditing Standards must be adhered to in all financial auditsexcept ofAnswer Selected Answer public corporationsCorrect Answer public corporations Quest ion 100 out of 4 points The purpose of this is to avoid duplication of efforts in conducting governmental auditsAnswer Correct Answer Single Audit Act Question 114 out of 4 points This law requires that the wages of laborers and mechanics employed by the contractors of federally funded projects be paid at prevailing local wage rates.Answer Selected Answer Davis-Bacon ActCorrect Answer Davis-Bacon Act Question 124 out of 4 points Which of the following statements is ridiculous about GAO standards pertaining to performance audits?Answer Selected Answer The GAO mandates that programs be audited annually by story trained professionals Correct Answer The GAO mandates that programs be audited annually by accounting trained professionals Question 134 out of 4 points Which of the following is not a General Auditing Standard for financial audits?Answer Selected Answer financial stabilityCorrect Answer financial stability Question 144 out of 4 points Per th e GAO standards, an auditors working papers mustAnswer Selected Answer train sufficient information to convince an auditor having no previous connection with the audit that the evidence supports the auditors conclusions and judgments Correct Answer contain sufficient information to convince an auditor having no previous connection with the audit that the evidence supports the auditors conclusions and judgments Question 150 out of 4 points Generally accepted government auditing standards (GAGAS) refers to standards incorporated inAnswer Correct Answer the Yellow Book and the AICPAs Professional Standards Sunday, June 17, 2012 64352 PM EDT

Landers Corp

The message was seemingly received with mixed feelings because while Terry understood the need to keep his customer happy/satisfied, the customers conduct does non unrecorded up to Terrys beliefs and values (family) and that is not being taken into consideration considered. Harry is seemingly putting his customers needs ahead Of his employees. 2. Should there be different standards for lineage entertainment based on organisational position within the company? Should Terry try to imitate Hardys style?Imitating Harry style as it relates to screening his appreciation to his customers for their business and making an effort to get to know them on a personal level is indeed remarkable and makes good business sense. However, at Terrys level, he can ill-afford to entertain important clients at Harry level. While there should be different standards for business entertainment based on organizational position, allowances should be made for entertaining important customers at different leve ls. How can Terry control the conduct of a night on the town with George whitehead? What other alternative does Terry have in gaining a personal relationship with George? Terry needs to exercise tact, caution and professionalism in addressing George prior to embarking on a night on the town. He certainly would not want to alienate such an important client but Terry must to a fault maintain his core values and beliefs.Choosing a function where alcohol is not readily available or an event where the wives or significant other argon invited would most likely curtail Georges outlandish behavior and indicate to George Terrys values and core values. 4. What type of expense budgeting does this type of entertainment call for in shape? Expense budgets for accommodating such entertainment could be very large and presents the opportunity for lavish spending and abuse. However, at Terrys level,such budgets are most likely not available they are probably reserved for the likes go Harry Wiley.

Palliative Care Essay

Culture is a fundamental part of ones being which along with spirituality play a substantive role in a persons journey through behavior. Health beliefs may be strongly tied to a persons cultural background and spiritual or religious affiliation. Palliative safeguard is the active holistic care of terminally sickish unhurrieds which demands to maintain the tint of conduct addressing physical symptoms as swell up as emotional, spiritual and social needs. This very nature of the palliative care poses challenges to health care workers when addressing a culturally diverse population. Australia is the most multicultural country in the world where its population ranges from the descendants of native and Torres auditory sensation island-dweller people to migrants or of descendants of migrants from more than cc countries. The aim of this essay is to discuss the importance of providing spiritually and culturally competent care for a person and their family receiving palliation. This essay also discusses how importance is to focus these principles to the kitchen-gardening of Aboriginal and Torres go Islander people with regards to oddment and dying.World Health Organisation defines palliative care as an approach that improves the quality of keep of patients and their families cladding with life threatening illness through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of painful sensation and other problems, physical, psychosocial and spiritual(WHO,2009) . consort to Matzo & Sherman (2010) the culture and spirituality are among the most important factors that structure human experience, values and illness patterns and determine how a person interact with the healthcare system. Moreover a persons beliefs, values, rituals, and outward expressions can impact palliative care either positively or negatively. According to dark-brown & Edwards (2012) people experiencing theinevitability of death are in need of care givers who are knowledgeable about personal issues and attitude that take up the end of life experience.An adequate understanding of cultural and spiritual matters is vital and beneficial when focussing on dying persons family needs and wants. According to Geoghan (2008) perception differ among culture in issues such as use of medication, personal space and touching, dietary issues, whether to be cared at home or try on health care facility. Long (2011) states that when determining the decision making and disclosures culture has a noteworthy role to play with spiritual or religious implications. Brown & Edwards (2012) states that culturally expressions physical symptoms peculiarly pain differs in different cultures and leads to ethnic minority groups are often being undertreated in terms of pain medication.Moreover, sign-language(a) cues such as grimaces, body positions and guarded movements also significance in providing culturally competent care.Ferrell & Coyle (2010) states language has an important role in streaming parley patterns and style between health providers and patients and lack of effective communication may mean less than satisfactory exchanges between health providers, patients and their families in a multicultural society.According to Matzo & Sherman(2010) spirituality is a way to be connected with God as well as to self, fellow human beings and to nature. Moreover, when the terminally ill patients go through circumstantial life adjustments, spirituality considered to be as a domain of palliative care which serves as the binding force for physical, social, and psychological domains of life. According to Ferrell &Coyle (2010) major(ip)ity of the palliative patients may experience agrowth in spirituality and considers spirituality to be one of the most important contributors to quality of life and frequently used as helpful coping strategies for their physical illness. Furthermore, the family caregivers of seriously il l patients also find comfort and strength from their spirituality and well assist them in coping .At the same time many of such patients with their uncertainty of life, long term nature of illness, potential for pain, altered body learn and confrontation of death may lead to spiritual distress as well (Matzo & Sherman, 2010).Spiritual care is an important factor for both those expressing spiritual health and those experiencing spiritual distress during their period of illness (Amoah, 2011). Matzo & Sherman (2010) states that spirituality facilitate coping with chronic pain, disability, sense of illness andprovides strength and self-control and thus minify the anxiety and depression. Furthermore, those who participate in religious services and ceremonies experience a relief from their loneliness and isolative life style and such practices may generate significant support and peace in difficult times for the patient and their family. Brown & Edwards (2012) states that assessment o f spiritual need in palliative care is a major factor because spiritualty is not necessarily equate trust and a person do not have particular faith or religion may have deep spirituality.According to Brown & Edwards (2012) awareness and sensitivity to cultural beliefs and practices regarding death and dying is vital when caring end of life patients, e redundantly in a multicultural societies such as Australia. Ferrell & Coyle (2012) states that in spite of strong government initiatives, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people remain a marginalised group with health status significantly below that of other Australians. Consequently Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have high rate of death rate and premature death (McGrath & Philips, 2009). Furthermore, Ferrell & Coyle (2012) states that while addressing palliation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, culturally responsive model of palliative care to be delivered and traditional practices that surrounds c are of dying people and death are understood, respected and incorporated in to care. According to Thackrah & Scott (2011) an understanding of cultural, practices, protocols and customs with regards loss and grief is of topmost priority when dealings with traditional aboriginal men and women.According to Queensland Health (2013) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander have strong cultural and spiritual concepts about the cause of diseases and death which may conflict with Western explanations and diagnosis of illnesses. According to McGrath & Philips (2008), though the Indigenous Australians adopted many aspects of the non-Indigenous culture over the years, their expectations and rituals around end of life hush up mostly well connected to their land, culture and tradition. Most of the Aboriginal people have a strong wish to die at home with family, ring by their Country and in their own community where their spirit belongs (OBrien&Bloomer, 2012). According to Thackrah & Scott (2011) , most people dislike the infirmary environment because they believe in the hospital they may experience isolation, structural racism and disempowerment. Since death in a hospital can create stress in the family along with fear and disputes, family protocols to be strictly followed and they have to be given space to finish up with dignity and compassion.During a situation of an expected death of an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander person, there is usually a gathering of immediate and extended family and friends which are a mark of respect of the patient. Based on the belief that life is a part of a greater journey, it is cultural practice to prepare the person for the next stage in their journey and often the extent of gatherers correlates with the patients value to the community. The passing of an elder may induce immense grief and mourning upon the whole community, hence expect many visitors and a desperate funeral ceremony that reflects the respect. According to Thackrah & S cott(2011),When a death occurs in traditional indigenous communities in Australia, community members and visiting relatives from elsewhere move away from settlements into a special place called sorry camp. Also the Indigenous way of grieving is a long process with different phases not only consoling all(prenominal) other but by traditional ways of harming themselves.Palliative care is truly a holistic care delivered to patients and family members with life threatening illness by providing physical as well as emotional and spiritual support. It is evident that culture and spirituality are central to palliative care which must be given due consideration at every point of assessing and planning care for patients and families. Although spiritual beliefs might help most people to cope well in the face of illness, for other people such beliefs may be ineffective or problematic. Since health beliefs are strongly associated with culture and spirituality it is critical that healthcare profe ssionals understand and implement best practices in attending to cultural and spiritual needs during their illness journey. The death and dying in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have a crucial cultural significance and health professional must be competent in religious and cultural practices whenaddressing palliative care.Reference ListAmoahC.F. (2011).The central importance of spirituality in Palliative care. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 17,353-358.Retreived from http//ea3se7mz8x.search.serialssolutions.com.ezproxy.uws.edu.au/?V=1.0&pmid=21841704Brown, D., and Edwards, H. (2012).Lewiss Medical-surgical nursing (3rd ed.). Chatswood, Elsevier Australia.Ferrell, B.R., & Coyle, N. (2010).Oxford text edition of Palliative Nursing. NewYork, Oxford university press.Geohan, D.A. (2008).Understanding palliative care nursing. Journal of Practical Nursing, 58.6 Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com.ezproxy.uws.edu.au/docview/228052494/fulltextPDF?accountid=36 155Long, C.O. (2011).Cultural and spiritual considerations in palliative care. Journal of Paediatr Hematol Oncol, 33, S-96-101 doi 10.1097/MPH.0b013e318230daf3.Matzo,M.,& Sherman,D.W.(2010). Palliative care nursing-Quality of care to the end of life (3rd ed.) New York, Springer.McGrath, P. & Phillips, E. (2008). Insights on end-of-life ceremonial practices of Australian Aboriginal peoples. Collegian, 15, 125 13.Retreived from http//www.nursingconsult.com.ezproxy.uws.edu.au/nursing/journals/1322-7696/full-text/PDF/s1322769608000243.pdf?issn=1322-7696&full_text=pdf&pdfName=s1322769608000243.pdf&spid=21611429&article_id=708072McGrath, P. & Phillips, E. (2009). Insights from the Northern Territory on Factors That Facilitate Effective Palliative Care for Aboriginal Peoples. Australian Health Review, 33,636-644.Retreived from http//search.informit.com.au.ezproxy.uws.edu.au/documentSummarydn=301730371388187 res=IELHEA ISSN 0156-5788O.brien,A & Bloomer,M.(2012). Aborginal palliative care a nd mainstream services.Australian Nursing Journal ,20,39.Retrieved from http//search.informit.com.au.ezproxy.uws.edu.au/fullTextdn=993462370312798res=IELHEAQueensland Health. (2013). Sad news, sorry business- Guideline for caring Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people through death dying Retrieved from http//www.health.qld.gov.au/atsihealth/documents/sorry_business.pdfUlrik, J., Foster, D., &Davis, V. (2011). Loss, Greif, Bad luck and sorry business. In R.Thackrah, &Scott (1st Ed.) Indigenous Australian health and Culture (190-2008). Frenchs Forrst,Pearson Australia.World Health Organization. (2009). WHO comment of palliative care, Retrieved from http//www.who.int/cancer/palliative/definition/en/

Cause and Effect Essay: Causes of Flood Essay

There be many calamities that we have it off like storm, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. The most common calamities that our country faces argon storms and floods. According to PAGASA, flood is a natural hydrological phenomenon. The purpose of this essay is to enumerate and explain the causes of flood, which are tropical storms, global warming and tsunamis.One of the causes of flood are tropical storms. According to the Forces of Nature website, storms provoke water from oceans and bring it towards land. Streams and rivers sometimes cannot handle the heavy rain so water flood lamps and produces flood. One of the reasons why we experience flood is ineffective drainage. Most drainage systems in the country cannot handle the amount of water because they are blocked due to the trashes of people throw on sidewalks. Two examples of storms that caused flood were Hurricane Camille in 1969 in Virginia and the recent Typhoon Ondoy.The second cause of flood is Global Warming. According to the Forces of Nature website, Global Warming is the heat pin down in the earths atmosphere which slowly warms the earth. Global warming heats water from oceans and seas. It helps the water to evapourate faster. When a big amount of water vapor is in the atmosphere, it forms storms that causes flood on land. When the temperature of the earth increases, ice from the north and south pole would melt and it will cause the rising of the sea levels. If the seas levels rise, seas will overflow and it will cause flood on coastal areas.The third cause of flood is tsunamis. According to the Forces of Nature website, one cause of tsunamis are high winds. gritty winds create waves that would hit beaches and shores. According to PAGASA, another cause of tsunamis are seismic activities. Examples are underwater volcanoes and earthquakes. When underwater volcanoes erupt or when earthquakes occur, they form tsunamis. Tsunamis are atrocious because they hit land with high speeds. Furthermore, a s they approach the land, it slows down and gains height.There are many causes of flood. Three of them are tropical storms, global warming and tsunamis. virtually of the causes are natural but some are man-madelike global warming. To avoid flood, we should throw our trashes in the right places to avoid the blocking of drainage and stop pollution in order to prevent worsening of global warmingReferencesFlooding Causes of Flood. Retrieved November 23, 2009, from Forces of Nature website http//library.thinkquest.org/C003603/english/flooding/causesoffloods.shtmlCauses and Types of Floods. Retrieved November 23, 2009, from PAGASA website http//kidlat.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/genmet/floods/cause_types.htmlReflectionFor me, it was not delicate to write this essay because I used references. I only need to paraphrase the learning and place it into my essay. I am satisfied with the outcome because the information in my essay is more reliable because I based it on the references I found. To impro ve my essay, I could research more on my topic to get more information.

Case against the Death Penalty

When the then get together Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan was presented with a petition containing 3. 2 million signatures from 146 countries for a worldwide moratorium on the conclusion denounce, he had commented The forfeiture of lookspan is too absolute, too irreversible, for peerless humankind being to inflict it on an some other, even when backed by legal process. And I debate that future generations, throughtaboo the world, get out scram it off to agree. (Gettings) The words of the former UN Secretary General were in fact an echo of the sentiments of the millions of signatories to the petition that was presented to him.The devastation sentence strikes at the core of human sensitivity and sensibility. The world is divided into to the highest degree two equal camps one passionately in support and the other equ tout ensembley passionately against this extreme measure of censure in human history. Forty-seven percent Ameri stick outs support the decease penaliz ation, while 48% would rather prefer life without payrole ( dying Penalty Information Centre). Both the camps present practical, logical and convincing arguments favoring their stand. Those who are against the remnant penalization believe that this extreme measure has minimum disability effect, violates the most fundamental of human make ups, i.e. the mighty to life, is completely out of sync with down hunting lodge and should be abolished outright and forthwith. Those who support the final stage penalisation, on the other hand, do so because they hold that it acts as a major deterrent to heinous crimes, crimes committed by criminals who, match to them, not notwithstanding do not deserve a place in clubhouse, nevertheless in addition lose the right to life. They ware to die so that each chance of them repeating their crime and adding others to their disputation of victims is eliminated forever. The recite, it is reasoned, takes the life to accord protection to fut ure victims of the convicted.An objective analysis of the arguments for and against the goal penalty however send word only lead to the inevitable conclusion that the finis penalty has no place in genteel society. Two very undeniable and universal facts override in all arguments in support of the end penalty the fundamental human right to life along with all its critical implications to the individual and to society, and the irrevocability and finality of the wipeout sentence that takes away all probability of redemption or reconsideration at the face of the human nature to err.The Deterrent Factor Those who support the finis penalty do so on the root word of the belief that it acts as a strong deterrent to crimes similar to those committed by the condemned. The facts and figures, however, tell a different story. In the unify States, the south accounts for 80% of the total executions, yet it has the highest murder account. However, the northeast, which has less than 1% o f all executions, also has the lowest murder rate (Death Penalty Information Centre).The figures lend themselves to very groovy forward interpretations either the oddment penalty is failing miserably to act as a deterrent in the south or it has to be acquited that the citizenry of the south is inherently lots bloody in nature or is simply more(prenominal) susceptible to murder. There are other figures that hold the fact that the termination penalty does not very result in a decrease in murder rates. In Canada, the remnant penalty was abolished in 1976. The homicide rate in the country started declining since 1975, and in 1999 the homicide rate was the lowest since 1967.An analysis by the sore York Times in 2000 tack together that the homicide rates in the US states with the finis penalty turn in been 48% to 101% higher than in states without the death penalty (John Howard union of Ontario). An overwhelming 84% of the top criminologists of the United States have rejecte d the notion that the death penalty acts as a deterrent to murder (Radelet & Akers). The Amnesty internationalist has also failed to find conclusive evidence that the death penalty has any unique capacity to deter others from committing similar crimes.In its survey of research findings on the relative between the death penalty and homicide rates conducted in 1998 and updated in 2002, it concluded that it was not prudent to accept the hypothesis that capital penalization deters murder to a marginally greater extent than does the threat and finishing of the supposedly lesser punishment of life imprisonment. (Hood 230) If deterrence implies that the condemned is rendered unable to repeat the crime and claim more victim, then it will also have to imply that the condemned would have repeated the crime if allowed to escape the death penalty.That can however be an assumption and an assumption only. And even if we assume that the condemned person would have indeed tried to repeat the c rime, it would be possible only if the person is allowed the liberty and the opportunity to do so. feeling imprisonment without parole would be a preferred alternative to the death penalty in such a case. Critics would however be quick to point out the financial implications of life imprisonment. Alternative core to incapacitate In utilise, however, numerous studies have found that the cost of implementing a death penalty is much higher than the cost of maintaining a prisoner for life.There are many reasons wherefore the death penalty is more expensive than life imprisonment without the possibility of parole ( peachy Punishment Project) i. A much higher office of cases go to trial in case of death penalties. ii. Murder trials generally take drawn-out when the death penalty is at homecoming. A capital murder trial lasts over 3. 5 time longer than non-capital murder trials (Cook & Slawson). Certain constitutional safeguards have to be taken in the case of death penalty trials leading to greater time requirement. The Jury selection procedure is also more complex and dense and takes more time.iii. Death penalty trials require more intense pretrial preparations and more elaborate proceedings. The sentencing sort almost amounts to a second trial. All litigation costs, more often than not, have to be borne by the tax payer. The Joint Legislative Budget citizens committee of the California Legislature has concluded that elimination of the death penalty would result in a net savings to the state of at least several(prenominal) tens of millions of dollars annually, and a net savings to local governments in the millions to tens of millions of dollars on a statewide basis. (Budget Committee)It is at that placefore luxuriously clear the life imprisonment without parole is a comparatively cheaper and equally effective alternative to the death penalty, but imposed the uniform degree of incapacitation on the condemned on the individual level. The May 2006 Gallu p Poll (in the United States) found that overall support for the death penalty was 65% (down from 80% in 1994). The same crest revealed that when respondents are given the choice of life without parole as an alternate sentencing option, more choose life without parole (48%) than the death penalty (47%). (John Howard party of Ontario)Irreversibility of the Death Penalty The intrinsic weakness of the death penalty as a justifiable measure lies in the fact that it is irreversible and irrevocable. Numerous examples bear testimonial to the fact that even the highest judicial system of any country can make mistakes, that innocent persons have been dealt the death penalty time and again, that persons on the death run-in had been granted last minute abeyance when their innocence had been proved. Studies reveal that more than 200 people have been wrongfully convicted of serious crimes such as murder and rape in California alone since 1989 (Martin).In the United States, 123 persons have be en exonerated and released from death row since 1973 (Death Penalty Information Center). A 1980s study in the United States identified 353 cases since the turn of the hundred of wrongful convictions for offences punishable by death and 25 innocent persons were actually executed (John Howard Society of Ontario). The death penalty leaves no scope for errors in judgment. If a person is found to be innocent by and by(prenominal) the sentence has been carried out, there is no way in which the wrong can be undone.Unlike in other cases, the option for compensation for a wrong done is also completely ruled out in the case of the death penalty. It is therefore assumed that the state and the judicial mechanism are infallible, that there can be no mistakes. The facts have proved this assumption wrong. The core issue of human rights The most raise case against the death penalty is that it is an infringement on the most fundamental of all human rights the right to life. A death penalty is im posed in the name of the state. But does the state actually have the right to deprive a person of his or her life?It could be a dangerous suggest even to believe so. Hitlers Germany believed in the absolute right of the state. The consequences mark a very sorry period in the history of humankind. Are we tempting fate again by according the state the right to impose and execute the death penalty? In the December 1948 Universal Declaration of humane Rights, nations of the world came together to ensure the fundamental rights of every person. These human rights were not subject to the will of the state, but were declared to be inherent in every human being. It was not the states claim to grant or withdraw the human rights.The fundamental human rights therefore put limitations on what a state may do to a person. The Universal declaration recognizes each persons right to life. The death penalty is therefore a fragrant violation of human rights. Human rights preserve the self-respect of the individual. There can be no justification inhuman and cruel treatment and punishment that degrades the middle of humanity. The death penalty inflicts the most severe kind of mental and physical torture not only on the condemned, but also on al those who are related to the condemned. Every member of the society also has to own responsibility as a constituent unit of the state.In fact, the broader understanding of human rights issue has been the basis of abolition of the death penalty in many countries. In 1995, S wo(e) abolished the death penalty on the grounds that the death penalty simply could not be fitted into the penal system of advanced and civilized societies, that depriving a person of life was too degrading or afflictive a punishment (Hood 14). The southeasterly African Constitutional Court (154) in its historic opinion when banning the death penalty commented that the death penalty violated the right to life and dignity which is the most important of all human rig hts.And by banning the death penalty, the state was effectively demonstrating the fact. Countries such as Singapore and Trinidad and Tobago have had to deny that the death penalty was a violation of human rights in order to carry on with their practice of the death penalty. However, the fact that the death penalty is a critical human rights issue has gained increasing acceptance at the international level. In 1997, the U. N. High Commission for Human Rights approved a resolution stating that the abolition of the death penalty contributes to the enhancement of human dignity and to the progressive development of human rights. (12) Subsequent resolutions strengthened this resolution by restricting the offences for which the death penalty could be imposed, eventually leading to abolition. The member states of the Council of Europe have established Protocol 6 to the European Council on Human Rights advocating the abolition of the death penalty. On the same grounds, the European Union ha d made the abolition of the death penalty a precondition for entry into the Union. This had resulted in the halting of executions in many east European countries such as Russia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Serbia, Montenegro and Turkey which had applied for rank and file to the Union.Not an eye for an eye Proponents of the death penalty attempt to rationalize their stand on the principle of lex talionis or eye-for-an-eye which advocates that violence must in some measure be answered by violence or that the punishment should fit the crime. They believe that such retribution serves justice to murder victims and their survivors. Robert Blecker of the New York Law School testified of course grateful, we reward those who bring us pleasure. Instinctively resentful, we punish those who cause us pain. Retributively, society intentionally inflicts pain and suffering on criminals because and to the extent that they deserve it.But only to the extent they deserve it. Justice, a moral supreme in itse lf, requires deserved punishment. Just as the individual do not have the right to kill, society also should not be empowered to kill. The retribution theory would dictate that the rapist be assault and the house of the arsonist be set on fire. Such a policy would go against the staple fibre tenets of justice. If violence can be justified by violence than it follows that every act of violence whether perpetuated by the state or the individual would be justifiable on some ground or the other.Retribution in kind would bring the state down to the level of the criminal. There would then be no promissory note between the dispenser of the law and the one who violates it. Discriminatory Applications The extent of misuse of the death penalty is another reason that calls for its abolition. In the political context, the death penalty has often been used to eliminate opponents and suppress popular uprisings. present, the inquire of fairness in making the judgment becomes a very subjective one.What is punishable by death for one political regime could very well be deemed a heroic act of heroism for another. The labeling of the act therefore depends very much on the actors and the circumstances and the environment in which they operate. That is the reason why people who are executed are often subsequently turned into martyrs. It happened in Hitlers Germany, in India and in sec Africa. It is happening in Iraq, in Afghanistan, in Serbia and in many other places wherever two groups of people look at the world with conflicting perspectives. Take the example of ibn Talal Hussein Hussien.Richard talk termss, director of Human Rights experiences International Justice Program, was a rational voice when he said , Saddam Hussein was responsible for massive human rights violations, but that cant justify giving him the death penalty, which is a cruel and inhuman punishment. (Human Rights Watch) A November 2006 report by Human Rights Watch pointed out numerous serious flaws i n the trial of Saddam Hussein. Among other defects, the report found that Iraqi government actions had all along undermined the Iraqi High Tribunal and threatened its independence and perceived impartiality.Handing Saddam Hussein the death penalty has been viewed by a large section of the world as a measure made necessary by the prevailing political and military situation rather than a quest for justice. There is also a very strong view in the United States that the application program of the death sentence is racially discriminatory. Studies have been conducted to examine the relationship between washout and death penalty in all the states that where the death penalty is still active.The Capital Punishment Project reports that 96% studies found a pattern of either race-of-victim or race-of-defendant discrimination. Of those executed since 1976, approximately 35% have been black, even though blacks constitute only 12% of the population. It has been found that the odds of receiving a death sentence are almost four times higher if the defendant is black. The Amnesty International has also allegeed that races does have an intrusion on capital punishment, and that the judicial system of the United States have been able to do precious piffling about it.Amnesty International has attributed this failure of the courts and legislatures of the USA to act decisively at the face of evidence that race has an impact on the death sentence to a collective blind faith that America will never waver on the non-negotiable demands of human dignity including equal justice. Even if the death penalty was justifiable, there is compelling evidence that its implementation falls far short of the standards of fairness expected. There is a course to use this extreme measure as an intimidating factor by the powerful forces of the world to assert themselves and to wrongfully dominate and suppress others.The world is coming around The good news is that the world at large is coming toge ther to prove that the death penalty is an unacceptable proposition. The United Nations has declared itself in favour of abolition. Two-thirds of the countries of the world have now abolished the death penalty in law or in practice. In the United States itself, 13 states are now without the death penalty. The latest information from Amnesty International shows that i. 90 countries and territories have abolished the death penalty for all crimes ii. 11 countries have abolished the death penalty for all but exceptional crimes such as wartime crimesiii. 30 countries can be considered abolitionist in practice they retain the death penalty in law but have not carried out any executions for the past 10 years or more and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions, iv. a total of 131 countries have abolished the death penalty in law or practice, v. 66 other countries and territories retain and use the death penalty, but the number of countries which actually execute prisoners in any one year is much smaller. The debate over capital punishment has raged on long enough. The world is finally showing the door to the death penalty.In doing so, it is stating in no changeful terms that the sanctity of life of a fellow human being is above the purview of all man-made laws. That only the giver of life has the right to take it back. Works Cited 1. Amnesty international, United States of America, Death by discrimination the continuing role of race in capital cases, April 24, 2003. Library, Online Documentation Archive. November 10, 2007 2. Blecker, Robert. Letter to the New Jersey Death Penalty Study Commission supplementing previous testimony, October 24, 2006. 3.Budget Committee, Joint Legislative Budget Committee of the California Legislature, September 9, 1999. 4. Capital Punishment Project, Race and the Death Penalty, American Civil Liberties Union, November 10, 2007 http//www. aclu. org/death-penalty 5. Capital Punishment Proje ct, The High Costs of the Death Penalty. American Civil Liberties Union, 2003. 6. Death Penalty Information Center, naturalness and the Death Penalty, November 9, 2006. 7. Death Penalty Information Centre. November 5, 2007 Facts about the Death Penalty. November 8, 2007. http//www. deathpenaltyinfo. org/FactSheet. pdf 8. Gettings, John. Death Penalty Update, Here & Abroad. Infoplease, November 8, 2007. 9. Hood, Roger, The Death Penalty A World-wide Perspective. 2002. Oxford, Clarendon Press, third edition, 2002. 10. Human Rights Watch, Iraq Saddam Hussein put to Death. Hanging after flawed trial undermines the rule of law. December 2006. Human Rights News. November 10, 2007 http//hrw. org/english/docs/2006/12/30/iraq14950. htm 11. John Howard Society of Ontario, The Death Penalty Any Nations Shame. March, 2001, John Howard Society of Ontario publication. November 8, 2007 www. johnhowardphd. ca/PDFs/Fact%20Sheets/death%20penalty. pdf 12. Nina, Martin, Innocence Lost, Nov ember 2004, San Francisco Magazine, November 9, 2007, http//www. sanfran. com/archives/view_story/200/ 13. Philip J. Cook & Donna B. Slawson, The Costs of Prosecuting Murder Cases in North Carolina. 1993 14. The South African Constitutional Court, Makwanyane and Mchunu v. The State, 16 HRLJ, 1995. 15. United Nations High Commission for Human Rights Resolution, E/CN. 4/1997, April 3, 1997.

Things Fall Apart Tragic Hero

The role of a tragic mill within a write up line is essential in a dramatic film or written work. The hero has the standards of becoming a great character that can engage charge of the story with courageous action and bold dialogue. However, since the character is deemed a tragic hero, his flaws will ultimately be his downfall, usually leading to the characters own demise. Nowhere is this ideal of a tragic hero more ger piece of musice(predicate) that in Chinua Achebes novel Things Fall Apart. The story is set in late nineteenth-century in a small village in Nigeria. The tragic hero in this nerve is a young man named Okonkwo.He is a dynamic growing character but is doomed from the beginning of the story with two major flaws that in the end will destroy his character. Okonkwo cannot physically boast any of his emotions because he thinks it is a certain(a) sign of weakness. His second flaw is that if and when he does show any emotion, it is an uncontrollable rage. Both of the se flaws will subscribe to Okonkwo into trouble that he cannot handle. Okonkwo has been taught from a very young age that showing his emotions is a feminine characteristic, a sign of weakness within his culture.This is brought about because when Okonkwo was a child his father was not very problematic with the community or with the elder counsel. The community is the most important aspect of everyday life for Okonkwos people. The village does not give a centralized government, but it is does have democratic ruling through the elder males (Ohadike xxii). Since Okonkwos father was lazy and drank too much, he did not receive any respectfulness from the majority of the community. Okonkwo did not want this for himself so he always displayed a tough exterior so that he could have respect. This characteristic is clearly shown throughout the story.One such example is when Okonkwo becomes very fond of a son that is in his care. Even though he likes the boy, Ikemefuna, he still treated hi m as he treated everyone else with a heavy hand (Achebe 20). Even to a person who was considered part of his own family, he could not show the emotion of affection or graceful attention. In addition to not macrocosm able to show any true emotions, Okonkwo has trouble controlling his temper. His anger and rough treatment of everyone more or less him, particularly his wives, once again springs from the fact that his father was segregated from the community.Also, his short-temper towards his wives may have been fueled by the fact that women were beneath men within the villages social ranking. Okonkwo thinks that the scarcely way he can gain the villages respect is through being bold and strong. It was also very important to show strength during this time of need because there was much change going on in the community itself with the coming of the white man and new traditions. He must absolutely display only anger and strength when the institutions he had fought so hard to sustain c ollapse in the verbalism of European colonialism (Gikandi x).The most infamous scene of Okonkwos irrational anger and lack of respect is when he beats his wife for not preparing the meal for their children during the Week of Peace (Achebe 21). This is just a single case of Okonkwo beating one of his wives, but the village punishes him more severely because it is during their Week of Peace in which everyone should be nice and kind to their neighbor. The village was shocked because no one ever breaks the rules of that week. Even the oldest men could only remember one or two other occasions somewhere in the dim sometime(prenominal) (Achebe 22).Another instance where Okonkwos disorderly behavior takes control of his actions is when he kills the boy he was fond of, Ikemefuna. Okonkwos clansmen are attacking the boy, so Ikemefuna runs to seek help from Okonkwo. However, since Okonkwo does not want to look weak in front of his fellow tribesmen, he cuts the boy down (Ward 1). He lets his rage and pride take over and kills the boy whom he considered his own son. The characteristics of a tragic hero are clearly visible within Okonkwo. If his ideals were everyday in someone during this day and age in the United States, it would be quite interesting.It is almost dread to say, but someone with those characteristics would be very successful in the competitive and fast-pace market of the United States. They could take charge of their business career as well as not buckling under pressure payable to the lack of physical emotions. Okonkwos manners are instinctual in most humans, no matter how original or modern. Wall Street brokers and fast-talking businessmen can be compared to primitive African men whose attitudes have been masculine-based even before the advent of the white man (Mezu 1).In a country based on the sizeable business ethic of only the strong survive, there is no doubt Okonkwo could make it far. It can be easily concluded that Okonkwos flaws were the lead ing means of his characters destruction. His lack of emotions and uncontainable anger were defined components for the deterioration of his character. However, the meaning in Chinua Achebes novel Things Fall Apart would have been lost without Okonkwo as the dominant character. The tragic hero is still and always will be the stable character of any deeply meaningful epic novel or movie.

Environmental and Social Impacts of Tourism in the Uk

Discuss the environmental and social impacts of touristry in the UK and take whether the benefits outdo the costs. touristry is a fast growing industry and a valuable sector, contributing importantly to the economy (The Social & Cultural Impacts of touristry, n. d. ). It has been generally accepted that tourism is, for the most part and with relatively few exceptions, beneficial to both generating and destination countries (Holloway, 2009, p. 114).Some researchers are less sure that this is the case. This es give voice will contend the environmental and social impacts of tourism in the UK considering whether the benefits exceed the costs. The socio- heathenish impacts on master of ceremonies communities are the result of unionise and indirect relations with tourists and of interaction with the tourism industry. For a variety of reasons, host communities often are the weaker society in interactions with their guests and service providers (Socio-cultural impacts, n. d. ).It is very difficult to measure the way in which the figurehead of large emergence of tourists affects the society and husbandry of host areas. In many cases, the effects are gradual, invisible and complex. (Davidson, 1993, p. 165). The impacts crapper be positive, such as the case where tourism enhances the cultural exchange between two distinct populations. The impacts can also be negative, such as the commercialisation of arts and crafts and ceremonies/rituals of the host populations (Cooper, Fletcher, sarin & Wanhill, 1998).Some of the beneficial impacts of tourism on society include the following the creation of employment, the revitalisation of poor or non-industrialized regions, the rebirth of topical anaesthetic arts and crafts and handed-down cultural activities, the revival of social and cultural life of the local anaesthetic population, the renewal of local architectural traditions, and the promotion of the need to conserve area of outstanding beauty which have aesth etic and cultural value (Mason, 2003, p. 43).In Britain, for example, many great buildings from eighteen and nineteen century would have been lost had it not been manageable to convert these factories, mills and warehouses into living museums for the tourist (Holloway, 2002). With the increasing secularization of Western societies, it is also tourists who will secure that great cathedrals survive as the costs of maintaining these buildings for dwindling numbers of worshippers can no longer be borne by the ecclesiastical authorities alone(Holloway, 2009, p. 114).Whole inner-city and dockland areas have been restored and veritable to make them attractive as tourist sites. Moreover, capital of the United Kingdom would be a poorer place without its tourists 40 percent of West End theatre tickets are bought by tourists (Holloway, 2002, p. 354). Tourists use of public transport enables residents to enjoy a better and cheaper service than would otherwise be realistic (Holloway, 2009, p . 114). Country crafts, pubs, til now restoration of traditional pastimes such as Morris dancing, all owe their survival to the presence of the tourist (Holloway, 2003, p. 55). There is also the socio-cultural impact of tourism on the visitor population. For instance, the growth of UK tourists visiting Spain passim the 1960s and 1970s resulted in culinary and beverage changes in the UK (paella and Rioja wine beingness two Spanish products that benefited from this exchange) (Cooper, Fletcher, Gilbert & Wanhill, 1998, p. 169). Visitors to Australia adopted the beach-based lifestyle and the barbecue when they returned home (Cooper, Fletcher, Gilbert & Wanhill, 1998).However, tourism has the reputation for major deleterious effects on the society and culture of host areas (Mason, 2003, p. 43). Tourism can cause change or loss of indigenous identity and values, culture clashes, social stress, ethical issues, crime, deteriorating working employment conditions ( disallow Socio-Cultural Impacts from Tourism, n. d. ). Tourism can induce change or loss of local identity and values, brought about by several closely related influences commercialization of local culture, standardisation or adaptation to tourists demands (Socio-cultural impacts, n. . ). For example, creating molas, which are the blouses ill-defined by Kuna women in Columbia, is an art that began with design that reflected the conception of the world, of nature, and the spiritual life of the Kuna Nation. Now it is increasingly being transformed, through tourism, into a commercial trade which causes loss of its spiritual value and quality (Negative Socio-Cultural Impacts from Tourism, n. d. ). Cultural clashes may further arise from economic inequality, irritation due to tourist behaviour exchangeable disregarding the dress code in Muslim countries, and job level friction.Moreover, increased tourism advert is causing severe social stress to local communities. Stress evolves from resource use conflicts, cultural deterioration, conflicts with traditional land-uses. Partly due to the above impacts, tourism can create more serious situations where ethical and even criminal issues are involved child labour, prostitution and sex tourism (Socio-cultural impacts, n. d. ). There is growing reverence of the spherical spread of AIDS and increasing impact of tropical and sexual diseases on more valiant mass tourists (Holloway, 2009, p. 14). Over the last few years second-home tourism has become more popular, emerging as an important part of the tourism sector in a number of countries. Second homes are ordinarily located near attractive locations, such as the sea, lakes, mountains or homespun areas and often have a connection to their owners origins (Pedro, n. d. ). Surveys revealed that half a million English households owns second homes outside of the UK.Sometimes incomers blend in and particular conflict or damage results, but where larger groups settle may transform local culture an d undermine traditions (Holloway, 2009). Tourism also impacts a key factor in tourism the environment. The environment is do up of both natural and human features (Mason, 2003, p. 52). As soon as tourism activity takes place, the environment is inevitably changed or modified either to facilitate tourism or during the tourism process (Cooper, Fletcher, Gilbert & Wanhill, 1998, p. 150). The impact can be positive or negative.The positive environmental impacts associated with tourism include the deliverance/restoration of ancient monuments, sites and historic buildings, such as the peachy Wall of China, the Pyramids (Egypt), the Taj Mahal, Stonehenge and Warwick Castle (UK) the creation of interior(a) parks and wildlife parks, such as Yellowstone Park (USA), Fjord Land National Park (New Zealand) protection of reefs and beaches, the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) the maintenance of forests such as the New Forest (UK) (Cooper, Fletcher, Gilbert & Wanhill, 1998, p. 151).The world is sufficient of examples of individual buildings and whole areas which have been given a new lease of life by the tourism industry (Davidson, 1993, p. 131). The following have been regarded as negative environmental impacts defilement, congestion, erosion (Holloway, 2002). Much of the damage through with(p) to the environment is caused by volume of visitors arriving at destinations which are not used to supporting people in such great numbers (Davidson, 1993). The technological complexity of contemporary living has led to various forms of pollution air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, visual pollution.Air pollution can be a cause of big tourist movement using mass transportation and fuel burn from aircrafts (Holloway, 2002). Untreated sewage, fuel freeing and rubbish from pleasure boats contribute to water pollution (Davidson, 1993). Noise, too, must be considered a form of pollution. Aircrafts taking off and landing at busy airports can severely disturb local reside nts, as thoroughly as noise from vehicles or tourist attractions bars, discos, etc. Visual pollution can be ascribed to insensitivity in the design of buildings for tourism.For example, British towns are losing their local character, as builders choose to build in omnipresent London brick rather than the materials available locally (Holloway, 2002, p. 356). The worst examples of this are the solid rows of hotels which are often developed along coastlines, to the outcome that the beach and the sea are almost blocked from the view of those living in the original coastal towns (Davidson, 1993, p136). Perhaps the most significant problem created by mass tourism is that of congestion (Holloway, 2002, p. 358).Congestion on the streets, queues in shops and overcrowding on buses and trains are the inevitable consequences of the mass influx of tourists into towns and cities (Davidson, 1993, p. 137). Many popular rural sites such as National parks are at risk from the number of visitors th ey receive. Over railway carbon million visitors visit the UKs National Parks each year (Holloway, 2002). Vegetation also suffers in area of high tourist intensity as constant trampling and crushing by feet and car wheels can lead to erosion and to disappearance of fragile species.Many footpaths in Britain are being widened to such an extent that the surrounding areas are suffering serious erosion (Davidson, 1993, p. 133). In conclusion, there is clear evidence that host communities perceive both costs and benefits (Nickerson & Jennings, 2006, p. 195) and it is commonly observed that the environmental and social impacts are less loveable (Jafari, 2003, p. 297). Measurements of the various types of impacts of tourism are undertaken using very different methods and indicators (Jafari, 2003).For example, environmentalists may measure the volume of global travel and its impacts (Holloway, 2009), and social impacts may be examined through questionnaire surveys. This makes it difficult, if not impossible, to combine the results of such studies to ascertain if the benefits exceed the costs (Jafari, 2003, p. 297). Mark Ellingham, founder of Rough Guides, said during one interview in 2007 that It is hard to say the positive impact travelling has can ever outweigh the damage done by just now travelling to the destination.Balancing all the positives and negatives, Im not convinced there is such a intimacy as a responsible or ethical holiday. Bibliography Cooper, C. , Fletcher, J. , Gilbert, D. , Wanhill, S. (1998). Tourism Principles and Practices. Harlow Pearson Education Limited. Davidson, R. (1993). Tourism (2nd Edition). Harlow Longman sort Limited. Holloway, C. (2002). The Business of Tourism (6th Edition). Harlow Pearson Education Limited. Holloway, C. (2009). The Business of Tourism (8th edition). Electronic version. Harlow Pearson Education Limited.Jafari, J. (2003). Encyclopedia of tourism. Electronic Version. Oxon Routledge Mason, P. (2003). Tourism Impact s, Planning and attention. Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann. Negative Socio-Cultural Impacts from Tourism (n. d. ). Retrieved celestial latitude 8, 2010, from UNEP website http//www. unep. fr/scp/tourism/sustain/impacts/sociocultural/negative. htm Nickerson, N. , Jennings, G. (2006). Quality tourism experiences. Electronic version. Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann Page, S. , (2003). Tourism Management managing for a change. Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann.Pedro, A. (n. d. ). Urbanization and second-home tourism. Retrieved December, 8, 2010, from http//www. download-it. org/free_files/filePages%20from%2010%20Urbanization%20and%20second-home%20tourism. pdf Socio-cultural impacts. (n. d. ). Retrieved 6 December, 2010, from Sustainable Tourism website http//www. coastlearn. org/tourism/why_socioimpacts. html The Social & Cultural Impacts of Tourism. (n. d. ). Retrieved December 6, 2010, from http//www. gawler. sa. gov. au/webdata/resources/files/5_Gawler_Impacts_Tourism. PDF

Business versus Environment Essay

Businesses would always inwrought to make some(prenominal) loot further this should be accomplished while likewise taking into level its friendly responsibilities. In the long place, there is an aggregate fill for business entities to balance between profit and the adverse cause the business draws to the purlieu in its inwrought course of trading trading operations. Choosing not to consider the mixer and environsal costs associated with the business will result in less using up for operations but this in turn whitethorn affect the survivability of the business entity. Many businessmen executives have trueized that self-assertive environmental programs result in profitability and competitiveness by reducing risks and excludeing additional costs from restrictive compliance programs. Environmental initiatives has its benefits for a business. It acts as morale and productivity boosters for the workers, enhanced brand take to, streamline time-to- foodstuff and a meliorate relations with regulators and the community. It is now understandable that an understanding of socio-economic, political and cultural processes and structures is necessary to understand environmental problems and in order to establish sustainable reading.1 It cannot be denied that through the course of its operations, business does affect the environment in many ways much(prenominal) as pollution and introduction of new chemical compounds which may turn off denigratory to people or the environment, genetic engineering and others. How a business affects the environment may be deliberate or accidental but there ar also some businesses that improve the gauge of the environment.2 To cite, completely countries are very much opineent on the anele industry and the industry is essential in any kind of economy. It produces huge amounts of profit for oil producing countries while non-oil producing countries have showed dependence on oil because of the need to run vehicles or to fuel industries. But with the production of oil also stems a need to provide funding to numerous environmental concerns that arise with it. An oil spill is just cardinal of the risks associated with the oil industries. It is a grave threat to the marine ecosystem and also to the people living near the coastline who depend on the marine resources for their food and in go in. In an oil spill near the coast of Guimaras Islands in the Philippines, unmatched of the oil tankers of Petron carrying millions of liters of oil sank to the bottom of the sea floor. The incident was the worst oil spill in the country which affected the 40,000 people living on the island who are more or lessly dependent on the sea. Guimaras Governor Joaquin Nava was bilk over the absence of commitment from the government sector and Petron to solve the oil spill. Greenpeace on the other fade has much fear that the rebrinying 1.9 million liters of oil inside the sunken tanker will cause more damage when released into the sea.There was public demand that Petron immediately raise the sunken tanker to forbid more oil spillage or to pump bulge out the remaining oil from its tanks. Relief operations were also needed to compensate for the people of Guimaras Islands because of the loss of livelihood. Greenpeace urged that the local government should hold the oil play along liable and that it should be accountable for the long-term rehabilitation of the affected areas including the marine sanctuaries, mangrove areas, reefs and coral ecosystems.3 The smear urged Petron to perform its social accountability for the disaster or it would face charges from environmentalist groups or other consequences such as banning their products or paying fines if proven guilty when the case is brought to the court of law. Taking responsibility for the environmental hazards will even give the caller-up a better image that it cares not only if for profit but also gives importance to its social responsib ilities. The business should see that environmental concerns could turn into an pulsation marketing opportunity.4 Instead of having bad do, this could make the people patronize their products and instead of adding more cost, it would add more benefit. Environmental degradation, although the more devastating effect, is not the only concern brought about by oil spills. Fishermen are the ones that are greatly affected by such disasters because the fish are being killed. oil color spills also results in the ban of catching and selling fish and shellfish from the contaminated area to maintain market confidence and to protect fishing gear. Other industries that rely on seawater in their course of operations are mainly affected by oil spills. These may include hotel and restaurants that rely on holidaymaker trade or water treatment plants.5 On the other hand, Transneft, an oil transporting joint stock company initiated the Baltic Pipeline System project which would would help in securi ng the safety of the environment through this credit line system and also add a new transport route for Russian oil which is greatly needed. The system aims to minimize the negative impact of oil on the environment. The project is believed to be one of the most excellent projects in the history of Russia. In an ecological assessment of the construction of the Baltic Pipeline System, it was establish out that the project complies with the environmental norms.6 This action proves that safety measures can be done to ensure environment safety while also taking into account the needs of the economy. Companies do affect people the kindred way that people affect the companies. Almost all countries have been dependent on oil and oil exporting countries have been gaining a lot of income from this. People rely on oil to fuel vehicles, run heavy machinery and others. The escalating prices of oil have urged many countries to find other sources of energy such as biofuels. This someway reduce d the dependence of mankind on oil. A reduced dependency on foreign oil leads to economic problems for the oil producing countries. Low oil prices are good for oil consumers because it means less spending for petroleum products but this has adverse effects on oil producers such as the countries in the sum East which is reflected in the performance of the economy.7 On the other hand, effects of rising oil prices can be seen when the US experienced oil shortages in 1973 and 1979. During these instances, the US reacted harshly and its citizens even get into fights at gaseous state stations until an effort to conserve oil was established by the president.8 Oil companies are expected by the the people to take responsibility for any environmental hazards caused by the company. One example is bewilder Oil which has initiated and participated in many environment and social campaigns. However, the company still faces a lot of accusations that it still modify greatly in the destruction of the environment and its refineries, depots and pipelines threaten human civilization.9 A report states that Shell has been overstating its social and environmental performance and despite of adhering to its public commitment which is sustainable development, Shell has been putting the environment in much more trouble.10 The report shows scenarios from different countries wherein Shell allegedly does not address social and environmental problems caused by faulty pipelines and others instead of going by its adherence to environment safety and sustainable development. In Canada, Natural Resources Minister Gary Lunn explains that there should be a balance between the environment and economic growth. He also said that the two are intertwined. He agreed that the solution to address the needs of the environment is balancing the its needs with the needs of the industry. He also emphasized the production of clean energy engineering science such as tidal energy. Other environment-friendly p rojects that Canada would pursue are development of clean coal, improvement of biofuel technology and technology that would reduce green house gases emissions and pollution.11 Logging is another industry that greatly affects the environment. It is very harmful to the environment especially illegal put down. The loss of many trees result in many adverse effects such as the loss of habitat for many special of mammals, birds and other animals. It also contributes to global thawing and other natural disaster such as flash oversupplys and land slides. In the Philippines, illegal logging was a major factor in the loss of lives due to flash floods and even land slides during the wet season especially in the provinces of Quezon, Nueva Ecija and Aurora. Government hydrologist Richard Orendain said that it may be hard to determine whether floods may be attributed to illegal logging or just because of heavy rainfall although it is safe to assume that illegal logging has in a way contribu ted to the natural disasters while Vice President Noli de Castro directly diabolic illegal for floods and other past cases of flash floods and land slides.12 In Indonesia, many people rely on the timbers for their source of livelihood. According to Edward Pollard from the Galung Palung National Park, illegal logging is the major industry in the region. It is the main source of income for many citizens. However, despite economic gains from timber companies, the entire community does not receive much benefit with the diminishing resource. Illegal loggers constitute to a large decrease in forest resources and no taxes are being paid to fund development projects for the citizens. People who work as loggers usually come from poor families and logging is not a permanent and a stable source of income and with the rate of the depletion of the forest resources, people will have to find other sources of income in the future.13 Indonesia has been plagued by illegal logging particularly cause d by poverty and corruption. The exploitation of the natural resources was a vital factor in the economic development of the region but the government does not reap all the gains because of illegal loggers that contribute greatly to the depletion of natural resources but do not pay the necessary taxes which could have been used to fund various environmental problems.14 Loggers should be responsible enough to aid environment because this is where they get their income. The rapid loss of forest resources which contributes greatly to global warming and loss of biodiversity would also affect the loggers. Instead of clear logging in which all the trees are being cut down in an area, loggers can resort to selective logging which is much less harmful and would give the forest time to recuperate. In the end, there is a strong need for businesses to balance between their income and social and environmental responsibilities. It may not seem beneficial and actually results in more spending for the company. However, taking to account the social and environmental responsibilities of the business would prove beneficial in the long course of business operations. Just like in the logging business, taking aggregate measures to avoid total destruction of forest resources will ascertain that the business will not run out of available resources. Likewise, oil production, which is associated with many adverse effects to the environment, may still choose to have an environment-friendly image which could boost its marketing drive. These additional costs should not be considered as expenses but rather as investments.BibliographyAl Marashi, Habiba, Business vs. Environment, walk 19, 2002, Retrieved 23 evidence 2008 from http//www.dqg.org/qcentral/dqg_events/seminars/mar02/business.aspPetron oil spill affected 40,000 people says Governor, InfoShop News, 2006 Retrieved 23 expose 2008, from http//www.infoshop.org/inews/article.php?story=2006082101433380Economic Impacts, The Internat ional Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited, 2007, Retrieved March 23, 2006, from http//www.itopf.com/marine%2Dspills/effects/economic%2Dimpacts/Baltic Pipeline System, Transneft, 2002, Retrieved 23 March 2008, from http//www.transneft.ru/Ecolog/Default.asp?LANG=EN&ID=219Koepp, Stephen, Oil Prices, April 1986, time Magazine, Retrieved 23 March 2008, from http//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961087-1,00.htmlRefinery Reform/Global Community Monitor/Friends of the Earth, fundament the gleam the real impacts of Shells work around the world, June 23, 2004, Retrieved 23 March 2008, from http//www.refineryreform.org/PR_062304.htmlBehind the shine The other Shell Report 2003, 2003, p.2, Retrieved 23 March 2008, from http//www.refineryreform.org/downloads/shellreport_behindtheshine.pdfBarlow, John, Tories want balance in environment and economy, June 30, 2007. Vol. 32 No. 44, Retrieved 23 March 2008, from http//www.westernwheel.com/070606/news-tories%20want %20bala nce.htmTerra Daily, Illegal logging a major factor in flood devastation of Philippines, declination 1, 2004, Retrieved 23 March 2008, from http//www.terradaily.com/2004/041201072557.jj82upor.htmlThe Timber Mafia, Consequences of Illegal Logging Environmental Implications,2002, Retrieved 24 March 2008, from http//www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2002/timber_mafia/resources/1 Al Marashi, Habiba, Business vs. Environment, March 19, 2002, Retrieved 23 March 2008, from http//www.dqg.org/qcentral/dqg_events/seminars/mar02/business.asp2 Al Marashi3 Petron oil spill affected 40,000 people says Governor, InfoShop News, 2006, Retrieved 23 March 2008, from http//www.infoshop.org/inews/article.php?story=20060821014333804 Al Marashi5 Economic Impacts, The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited, 2007, Retrieved 23 March 2008, from http//www.itopf.com/marine%2Dspills/effects/economic%2Dimpacts/6 Baltic Pipeline System, Transneft, 2002, Retrieved 23 March 2008, from http//www.tr ansneft.ru/Ecolog/Default.asp?LANG=EN&ID=2197 Koepp, Stephen, Oil Prices, April 1986, Time Magazine, Retrieved 23 March 2008, from http//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961087-1,00.html8 Koepp9 Refinery Reform/Global Community Monitor/Friends of the Earth, Behind the shine the real impacts of Shells work around the world, June 23, 2004, Retrieved 23 March 2008, from http//www.refineryreform.org/PR_062304.html10 Behind the shine The other Shell Report 2003, 2003, p.2, Retrieved 23 March 2008, from http//www.refineryreform.org/downloads/shellreport_behindtheshine.pdf11 Barlow, John, Tories want balance in environment and economy, June 30, 2007. Vol. 32 No. 44, Retrieved 23 March 2008 from http//www.westernwheel.com/070606/news-tories%20want%20balance.htm12 Terra Daily, Illegal logging a major factor in flood devastation of Philippines, December 1, 2004, Retrieved 23 March 2008 from http//www.terradaily.com/2004/041201072557.jj82upor.html13 The Timber Mafia, Consequences of Illegal Logging Environmental Implications,2002, Retrieved 24 March 2008, from http//www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2002/timber_mafia/resources/ resources_consequences1.htm14 The Timber Mafia