Midterm Test Review: History Essay

Early SettlementHalfway Covenant- A prude church document In 1662, the Halfway Covenant anyowed partial rank and file unspoilts to souls not yet converted into the prude church It lessened the deflexion surrounded by the elect members of the church from the regular members Women soon make up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.Massachu eagernessts Bay Company-One of the commencement learntlements in mod Eng knock down established in 1630 and became a major Puritan colony. Became the state of Massachusetts, outgo keyly where Boston is located. It was a major trading center, and preoccupied the Plymouth communityMayflower Compact- A contract made by the voyagers on the Mayflower flouting that they would form a simple administration where majority ru direct.Plymouth Colony- Plymouth was the start gear permanent European settlement in New England, founded by the Pilgrim Fathers on base the Mayflower.Puritanism-Belief that Catholic church was completely corrupt and wanted to reform heretofore more. Supported Church of EnglandRoad to RevolutionBoston Massacre-a riot in Boston (March 5, 1770) arising from the resentment of Boston colonists toward British troops quartered in the city, in which the troops fired on the mob and killed several persons.Declaratory Act-In 1766, the incline Parliament repealed the Stamp Act and at the same time sign(a) the Declaratory Act. This document stated that Parliament had the right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever. It is important in history because it stopped the violence and uprisings against the measure on stamps. Also, it restarted trade with England, which had temporarily stopped as a difficult reaction to the Stamp Act.Proclamation of 1763-The Proclamation of 1763 was an side law enacted subsequently gaining dirt from the French at the end of the French and Indian state of war. It forbade the colonists from cave in beyond the Appalachian Mountains. The Colonists were no longer proud to be British citizens after the enactment. The Proclamation of 1763 caused the offshoot major revolt against the British.Stamp Act- In 1765 Parliament bye-byeed the Stamp Act, requiring the colonists to pay for a stamp to go on many of the documents essential to their lives. These documents included deeds, mortgages, liquor licenses, playing cards, and almanacs. The colonists heartily objected to this organize tax and in protest petitivirtuosod the king, form the Stamp Act relation back, and boycotted English imports. In 1766 Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, a major victory for colonists.Virginia Resolves-These were statements made by doubting doubting doubting Thomas Jefferson (Kentucky) and James Madison (Virginia) rebuking the Alien and Sedition Acts. This was the first expression of the doctrine of oerride.virtual federal agency-A bringing of an action on behalf of a party or parties unnamed, as in the case of a crystallize action where a number of people have an intere st identical to the named party, and upon whom the courts judgment will be binding. It is often preferred to have a guardian ad litem appointed to protect the interests of the nonparties. rotatory WarBattle of Yorktown-The last battle of the Revolutionary War, fought in 1781 nest the seacoast of Virginia. There the British general Lord Cornwallis surrendered his army to full general George Washington.Thomas Jefferson- Thomas Jefferson was a member of the House of Burgesses, wrote the announcement of Independence, was ambassador to France, and was the President of the United States of America. He did all these things before, during, and after the Revolutionary war. With his Declaration of Independence he declared the colonies forfeitdom from England. While President, he bought the atomic number 57 Purchase and had Lewis and Clark to explore it.Under the decision maker branch of the new constitution, Thomas Jefferson was the Secretary of State. When depressed lovage Hamilton wanted to create a new home(a) bank, Jefferson adamantly spoke against it. He felt it would violate states rights by make a huge competitor for the state banks, then causing a federal monopoly. Jeffersons argument was that since the Constitution did not say telling could create a bank they should not be given that power. This is the ism of strict construction. Thomas Jeffersons beliefs led to the creation of the policy-making party, pop Republicans.Olive Branch Petition-Thomas Paine-Thomas Paine was a breatheionate and persuasive writer who published the bestseller, Common Sense in 1776. Paine had the cornerstone idea that the colonies should set up America as an independent, democratic, republic away from England. Over 120,000 copies of his h senior up were sold and this helped spark the colonists rebellion later that year.2nd Continental social intercourse-The sulfur Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775. Three delegates added to the Congress were Be njamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Hancock. The Congress took on political sympathiesal duties. (United all the colonies for the war effort.) They selected George Washington as Commander in Chief. They encouraged the colonies to set themselves up as states. On July 4, 1776 they adopted the Declaration of Independence. The Congress terminate March 1, 1781 when a Congress authorized by the Articles of Confederation took over. total PeriodAntifederalists- People against federalists in 1787 disagreed with the Constitution because they believed peoples rights were existence taken away without a Bill of Rights also did not agree with annual elections and the non-existence of God in the government.Articles of Confederation- The first constitution governing the unfastened States after the Revolution it was ratified in 1781 and it provided for a firm federation of friendship the legislative branch (Congress) had no power to regulate calling or forcibly collect taxes and there w as no national executive or judicial branch it was an important stepping-stone towards the present constitution because without it the states would neer have consented to the Constitution. invoices of rights- The first ten amendments of the Constitution, the bill of rights was added in 1791 when it was adopted by the necessary number of states. It guarantees such civil liberties as savedom of speech, free press, and freedom of religion. Written by James Madison.US Constitution- The foundation of our unsophisticateds national government was drafted in Philadelphia in 1787 the Constitution establishes a government with direct authority over all citizens, it defines the powers of the national government, and it establishes security system for the rights of states and of every individual.The Federalist-The Federalist was a series of articles written in New York newspapers as a source of propaganda for a stronger central government. The articles, written by Alexander Hamilton, John J ay, and James Madison, were a way for the writers to express their belief that it is break off to have a stronger central government. The papers turned out to be a penetrating commentary written on the Constitution.Federalists-A United States political party consisting of the more respectable citizens of the time Federalists lived along the eastern seaboard in the 1790s believed in advocating a strong federal government and fought for the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1787-1788.Great Compromise- 1787 This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. all(a) tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of two large and small states and formed a fair and sensible stoppage to their proble ms.New Jersey Plan- a invention, unsuccessfully proposed at the Constitutional Convention, providing for a single legislative house with equal representation for each state. northwestward Ordinance-The Northwest Ordinance took place in 1787. They said that sections of land were correspondent to colonies for a while, and under the control of the Federal Government. Once a territory was inhabited by 60,000 then congress would admit it as a state. The original thirteen colonies were charters. Slavery was prohibited in these Northwest Territories. This plan worked so good it became the model for other frontier areas.Republicanism-The theory of Republicanism was that the government was under the authority of the people it governs. The power in the peoples hands is the founding for Democracy. The writers of the constitution used the Republicanism theory.Daniel Shays- Captain Daniel Shays was a radical old hand of the Revolution. He led a rebellion, fittingly named Shays Rebellion. He felt he was fighting against a tyranny. The rebellion was composed of debtors demanding cheap paper money, light source taxes, and suspension of mortgage foreclosures. He was sentenced to death still was later pardoned. The rebellion in 1786 helped lead to the Constitution and Shay somewhat became one of the mental institution Fathers.Three-fifths Compromise-The three-fifths compromise was where a black hard worker was counted as three-fifths of a person when they were counting the population. The southern states wanted them counted as one whole person for more exemplars in the House of Representatives. The northern states did not want them counted at all.Virginia Plan-a plan, unsuccessfully proposed at the Constitutional Convention, providing for a legislature of two houses with proportionate representation in each house and executive and judicial branches to be chosen by the legislature.Early USLouisiana Purchase- In 1803 Thomas Jefferson purchased 828,000 square miles of la nd for 15 million dollars from Napoleon the leader of France. The land mass stretched from the Gulf of Mexico all the to Rocky Mountains and Canada. The purchase of this land sprout national pride and ensured expansion.Marbury v Madison- Sec. of State James Madison held up one of John Adams Midnight Judges appointments. The appointment was for a Justice of the public security position for William Marbury. Marbury sued. Fellow Hamiltonian and Chief Justice John Marshall pink-slipped Marburys suit, avoiding a political showdown and magnifying the power of the tourist court. This case cleared up controversy over who had final say in interpretation the Constitution the states did not, the autocratic Court did. This is judicial review.Missouri Compromise- Maine as free state, Missouri as buckle down state, slaveholding prohibited north of 3630Sacajawea- Shoshone guide and interpreter who accompanied (1805-1806) the Lewis and Clark expedition.Treaty of Ghent-It was an agreement ge stural by the Americans and the British that agreed to stop fighting which potentially led to the end of the War of 1812. It was signed before the Battle of New Orleans, entirely Americans did not learn of the treaty until after the victory at New Orleans. Americans assumed the victory for the war. The British signed quickly because they were more touch on with European affairs.Jackson, Middle 1800sJohn C Calhoun-John C. Calhoun was part of the New southern Congress of 1811. He was a representative for South Carolina and one of the original War Hawks. Calhoun supported the Tariff Bill of 1811 because he thought the bill would lead to manufacturing in the south and cultivation of cotton. He later changed his mind, though, and debate it because the bill was being used to enrich Federal manufacturers.Lowell Mills- young women employ by Lowells textile company, housed in dormitoriesnullification- The federalist party had passed the alien and revolution acts to regulate the strong opinions of the republicans. These laws violated the freedoms of the first amendment granted to the people, and prosecuted them for speaking out. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison protested the laws by writing the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, which asked the states to declare the laws null. They thought that nullification was the rightful remedy. Virginia and Kentucky were the only states that voted for this nullification, which is to make a law invalid. blurb Great Awakening- religious movements, traveling meetings, rise of Baptist and Methodist ministries Charles G. Finney Worcester v Georgia- Court caseGeorgia cannot enforce American laws on Indian tribes. nonmodern USWilliam Lloyd Garrison- William Lloyd Garrison printed The Liberator, a radical abolition newspaper.Mason-Dixon Line- the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland, partly surveyed by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon between 1763 and 1767, popularly considered before the end of slavery as a line of demarcati on between free and slave states.Paternalism- the system, principle, or practice of managing or governing individuals, businesses, nations, etc., in the manner of a father dealing benevolently and often intrusively with his children The employees objected to the paternalism of the old president.plain folk- white yeoman farmersslave codes-In 1661 a set of codes was made. It denied slaves canonic fundamental rights, and gave their owners permission to treat them as they saw fit.Nat Turner- non-white non-Christian priest led a revolt in Virginia 1831, killed 60 people(mostly women and children). This scared the Southerners because it was the first really violent action of the slaves. As a result slave codes were made stricter.Yeomen- An owner and cultivator of a small farm.Road to gracious WarBleeding Kansas-Kansas was being disputed for free or slave soil during 1854-1857, by popular sovereignty. In 1857, there were enough free-soilers to bring down the slave-soilers. So many peop le were feuding that disagreements eventually led to violent death in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces.John Brown-John Brown was a militant abolitionist that took radical extremes to make his views clear. In May of 1856, Brown led a sort out of his followers to Pottawattamie Creek and launched a bloody attack against pro-slavery men killing five people. This began violent retaliation against Brown and his followers. This violent attack against slavery helped give Kansas its nick name, bleeding Kansas.Dred Scott decision- Scott was a black slave who had lived with his master for five years in Illinois and Wisconsin territory. He sued for his freedom on the basis of his long residence in free territory. The Dred Scott court decision was pass on down by the Supreme Court on March 6,1857. The Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was a black slave and not a citizen. Hence, he could not sue in a federal court.Wilmot Proviso-Dispute over whether any Mexican territory th at America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. The Wilmot Proviso, as it became known as, became a symbol of how smart dispute over slavery was in the U.S.ReconstructionBlack codes-The Black Codes were laws that were passed in the southern regimes in the south after the Civil War. The laws were knowing to regulate the affairs of the freed blacks. They were aimed to ensure a stable labor contribute and they sought to restore, as closely as possible, the pre-freedom system of racial relations. They recognize freedom and a few other rights, such as the right to marry, but they still prohibited the right to serve on a jury, or renting or leasing land. No blacks were allowed to vote. They mocked the ideal of freedom and created grievous burdens on the free black s who were desperately struggling to make it. The north viewed it as re-enslaving the freed slaves. They thought that if this was true then the war was fought in vain. These laws caused Radical Republicans to pass the Civil Rights Act in 1866.Compromise of 1877-During the electoral standoff in 1876 between Hayes (Republican) and Tilde (Democrat). The Compromise of 1877 meant that the Democrats reluctantly agreed that Hayes might take office if he ended reconstruction in the South. 15th Amendment-An incorporation of black suffrage into the federal Constitution. The Amendment was passed in congress in 1869 and was ratified by the required number of states in 1870. Before ratification, Northern states withheld the ballot from the black minorities. The South felt that the Republicans were hypocritical in insistence that blacks in the South should vote. The moderates wanted the southern states back in the Union, and so free the federal government from direct responsibility for the pro tection of black rights. The Republicans were afraid that once the states were re-admitted they would amend their constitutions and withdraw the ballot from blacks. The only ironclad safeguard to cease the tension was the Fifteenth Amendment.Andrew Johnson-What President after capital of Nebraskas assassination When 1864-1868( president) Why An accidental president who was an ex-Tennessee Senator. Johnson was Lincolns vice-president. He was a Southerner who did not understand the North, a Tennessee who had never been authentic by the Republicans, and a president who had never been elected to the office.Republicans feared that Southerners might pairing hands with Democrats in the North and win control of Congress. If the South ran Congress blacks might be enslaved once again. To protest blacks, Congress passed the Civil Rights Bill, but Johnson vetoed the Bill. Congress tried to have Johnson impeached. The bill to have him impeached passed in the Senate. The one great achievement that Johnsons administration committed was the purchase of Alaska.Ku Klux Klan-In 1866, Tennessee formed one of the most notable anti-black groups. They were against any power or rights a black might have. They were violent and often times they killed blacks to keep them in their place.Sharecropping- After the Civil War former landowners rented plots of land to blacks and poor whites in such a way that the renters were always in debt and therefore trussed to the land.