Psychodynamic approach Essay

P1 Explain the principle psychological perspectives.M1 Assess divergent psychological approaches to study.Sigmund Freud give awayed an approach which was the first psychological approach that elucidated behaviour. Freud observe the psychoanalysis, which is a technique for curing mental illness and similarly a practicable action which explains human behaviour. Psychoanalysis is recognised as the talking cure. Normally, Freud would urge on his long-sufferings to talk freely (on his famous couch) concerning their symptoms and to explain precisely what was on their mind. He in any miscue states The iceberg which has 3 trains know as the witting mind, preconscious and unconscious(p) mind mind. Freud comp ard himself to an archaeologist digging away layers of the human mind, and found trine trenchant parts of the mind.He was the earliest philosophers to play public aw beness the concept that we be not conscious of all our features all the beat. He proposed that what we atomic number 18 conscious of is represented on our conscious mind but that nigh of our memories, feelings and mind he named as unconscious. We dont feel access to the contents of our unconscious, but they occasionally leak come out of the closet in dreams and slips of the tongue. Freuds first elucidated behaviour by his iceberg analogy. He suggested that the conscious mind was like the tip of an iceberg merely a minor(ip) part existence accessible to consciousness. Part of the unconscious that we potentiometer considerably access he named it the preconscious.This arse be utilize in health and social dread as health c bers lot identify what is occurrent in the knobs conscious mind and identify all faults t present might be such as depression and schizophrenic disorder and possibly phobic neurosiss.Sigmund Freud proposed that we have inborn drives that stimulates our conducts in the form of the mind. These argon known as the swelled head, superego and the id. Th e id occurs at birth and is the base of our unconscious inclination. It works on the gratification concept to get instant frolic, so it prevents pain and hence it is very egocentric. The id is the origin of a supernatural known as Libido. The superego develops end-to-end the age of quintuplet geezerhood and entails principles and values. It is the barbarians ego and moralistic esthesis which constructs the paragon of what the kidskin wishes to be. Our ego is developed passim our puerility and it alters the child to square off that getting instant gratification is not unendingly feasible and that a lot of the fourth dimension pain cannot be prevented The ego operates on the actuality principle be drift it decides what actions are most convenient and what to avoid from the id. It also tries to balance the requirements of the id and superego with the actuality of biography so we can do what normal case-by-cases do by using the denial mechanisms.Depending on Sigmund our refutal mechanisms are customd in order to manage unconscious dispute amongst ego, superego and id. These disputes might be unconscious or conscious and the defence mechanisms work in an unconscious manner to wards of any disagreeable feelings and shape things better for the psyche. t here(predicate) are four report defence systems that are apply by the ego. An event is displacement. Displacement is when peoples emotional state towards the actual tendency cannot be expressed and where accepting faults cause concern and worry that causes moods to be interchanged on to other object lenss. For display case an individual blaming their get ups for their performance as of them not raising them properly instead of blaming their self. Denial is another ego defence mechanism that is where both(prenominal) one and only(a) cannot accept a specific truth. Individuals might object to believe occurrence or acknowledge emotions as of worry and concern, so specific awareness is n ot dealt with.For instance, someone who is unwell might stand firm to believe this. Repressionis another well-known defence mechanism. Repression acts to keep information out ofconsciousrecognition. Though, these memories dont just vanish they endure to furbish up our behaviour. For example, a someone who has repressed memories of abuse suffered as a child might later have troubles making relationships. The last-place ego defence mechanism is regression. This is where people act out behaviours from the lay out of psycho devolve onual teachingin which they are fixated. For instance, someone fixated at an earlier developmental face may cry or sulk as of hearing dissatisfying tidings upon. Behaviours related to regression can differ significantly cyphering upon which set up the individual is fixated at.Someone fixated at theoral playmay start have or smoking immoderately or may become verbally violent. A fixation at theanal exhibitmight take in immoderate tidiness or m essiness. Sigmund also developed the psychosexual stages of development. He supposed that character is chiefly started throughout the age of five days because early experiences play a great role in the development of character and endure to impact behaviour in the future. He believed that our character develop in stages in which pleasure-seeking drives of the id commence to focus on erogenous places. The driving power behind our performance was elucidated by psychosexual energy known as the libido.Through completing the stages successfully the person can develop a good character. Though, if the stages are not spotless appropriately and specific matters at the stage are not sort out. Then, it results in fixation. Fixation is where there is a continuous focus on an earlier psychosexual stage as of unsorted dispute. The person forget continue to be stuck at this stage if the dispute is not resolved. There are five stages to the psychosexual that Freud suggested. The first stage is the oral stage, at this stage the child is 0-1 historic period of age and the chief source of libido is the mouth. present the child result relish consuming food a extensive with placing objects into their mouth. The infixed impact at this stage is the mother because the child will connexion the mother and food with hunch forward. If they are neglected from food or are fed involuntarily then it may well cause matters in the future. If a child is weaning from liquid to solid foods they need to learn to be patient for food to be cooked instead of having food instantly.The minute of arc stage is the anal stage. At this stage the child is one to three eld of age and the child will feel a sense of pleasure in the anus. The child will feel gratification from discharge or holding in excrement. The essential military force at this stage is macrocosm taught on how to use the toilet. The child will learn when and where they are intended to release excrement which will prevent fixat ion. Added to that, the child would be capable to sway their parents by their bowel movements, because their parents faithfulness and approbation depends on whether or not they release excrement when they invite to be able to go to the toilet. Though, being too stern on the child being permitted to toilet training could possibly allow to fixation, also because the child might develop to become anal impetuous.The third stage is the phallic stage where the child is three to five years of age. The light upon source of libido here is the childs penis or vagina and pleasure is obtained from masturbation. At this stage the child will get wind Electra complex and familiar spirit with their mother if they are female, whereas if the child is a male they will encounter Oedipus complex where he will associate degree with his father. Through being impact by this information positively, the superego is developed and they include the morals of the self-same sex parent along with assoc iation of gender and sex duties. If they do not associate with the self-same sex parent then they will become fixated at this level and this could possibly lead to homosexuality.The fourth stage is the latency power point. At this period the child is six years of age. The latent period is a time of investigation in which the sexual drive is still present, but it is tell into other areas like intellectual pursuits and social moveions. They have reached puberty and the key source of gratification is playing with peers of both sexes. During this stage the child is diligent with playing with their peers that not much befalls in marchess of sexuality. If fixation befalls here the child will not feel content with members of the incompatible sex because they grow up and will find it to build heterosexual relationships. This stage is essential in the development of social and communication skills and self-confidence.The final stage is the genital stage which arises from puberty and the key source of libido/gratification here is having sexual intercourse with others. At this stage the persons interests and feelings towards others benefit will develop and they try to create a balance among their discrete lifestyles. If fixation has arose throughout any other stage, it will become obvious at this psychosexual stage. Though, a different concept was suggested by Erik Erikson which approved with Freuds theory to a degree. This was Erik Eriksons psychosocial stages of development. He thought like Freud that everyone grows in stages, barely these stages endure during our life and rather than having a greater focus on the lust for indulgence we must deem our need to be tolerated also. Erikson suggested ogdoad psychosocial stages of development.Stage one is where the child is aged from zero to one years of age and the focal point is how the infant is raised. If they are raised in the right way, then they will form trust, but if the infant isnt raised in the right way , then the infant will obtain to not trust parents/guardians and their surroundings. Stage two is where the child is aged from one to three years of age and the focal point is being permitted to freedom. If this is through appropriately the child will develop some sort of autonomy. If they are continuously criticised the child will interrogate their own aptitude. Stage three is where the child is three to six years of age and begin to interact with the everyone. If the child is persuaded to endeavour different things and develop different skills and qualities, it will enable them to develop capabilities and self-assurance.However, if the child is continuously criticised and made culpable, then it will cause low confidence. Stage four is where the child is six to twelve years of age and focuses on the knowledge of how things operate. If the child begins to accomplish practical jobs they will form some kind of hard work however, if they are being pressured on specific tasks that they cannot accomplish will cause subservient and make them feel incapable. Stage five is where the person is twelve to eighteen years of age and the main focus at this stage is developing some sort of individuality by experimentation. Through being permitted to do the experiment, the child could then possibly develop a secure identity. However, not experimenting operator they do not create a secure identity and causes misperception and negatively charged identity. Stage six is where the person is aged eighteen to xl years of age and will focus on discovering new relationships to lead to long term commitments with each other. By creating these secure and committed relationships the sense of guard and be associated to devotion leads to a sense of love.Though, through ignoring closeness and having phobic disorder of commitment can cause the person to isolate them-selves and this little summation of love and could cause depression. Stage seven is where the person is aged forty to lx five and the main focus is creating a career and having a family. Through having a career and giving back to society by parenting children and participating in community services, the person receives a sense of love and care. However, not getting participating with society could possibly cause a feeling of wasting life and being unfruitful. Stage eight is the final stage and here the person is over the age f sixty five.The persons focal point at this stage is operative less actively and intensely and think most their accomplishments during the course of their life. Through, playacting this successfully, the person develops the merit of understanding that enables them to look back on their life with a feeling of accomplishment. This way the person is then able to can accept passing deprived of being afraid. Though, if the person has feelings of culpability about their life or has an inferior achievement which will cause feelings of lead to feelings of desolation and frequent ly depression and as a result phobic disorder of death.A benefit of the psychodynamic approach is that it is developed in stages. These stages make it easier to dig into and give back up due to the fact that the stages are elementary and easy to follow and acknowledge, thereof, making it easier to gather support for. On bloom of this, the stages developed by Erikson have to a greater extent logic than Freuds psychosexual stages because they make sense and are easy to acknowledge. This authority that it can be easily implemented in health and social care practises. For instance in the counselling and treatment centre the health and social care workers are then able to use their insight of the eight stages of Eriksons concept to detect why the person is feeling dejected has insufficient autonomy and tried to give most appropriate remedy.Though, some issues can be discovered with the psychodynamic approach. A problem is that the approach doesnt use scientific methodology which a gent that it is based on opinions. This makes it hard to depend on the results because they are not a dependable source. This insufficient facts means the approach is can be proven false. On top of this, a lot of the backing research originates from case studies. Though, these enable us to get in detailed information about one person. They might not be the most convenient when it comes to application to other people because the results cant be generalised to the overall populace.A well-known case study that has been implement by Freud was the case of slender Hans, which was used as assistance for his psychodynamic approach. teeny-weeny Hans had a fear of dollars because he thought that they would tolerate him or cause chaos. Little Hans public address system after being consulted by Freud, interpreted his fear through saying that the horses looked like his dad and that the phobia of being bitten signifies the fact that Little Hans was encountering the Oedipus complex and ha d a phobia of being castrated by his dad as of his feelings about his understood Little Hans father and played a role his psychoanalyst and interpreted his sexual desires and associated these back to the Oedipus complex.Though, there are numerous factors to the Little Hans case study that have been neglected. For instance, Little Hans was more petrified of his mum because she threatened to cut off his penis because he was persistently fiddling with it. Also, after Freud spent some time with Little Hans his parents split up. This means that Little Hans phobia might be as of the reason that his parents ended their marriage and not be as of Oedipus complex. On top of this, his mum was also spiteful to her baby daughter, therefore it can possibly be that the row he was scared of was the instantaneous of his baby sister. Additionally, Freud analyse Little Hans fear him-self. It was his dad who used Freuds instructions in order to cure Little Hans phobia. This means that, as his dad is not an expert analyst, he didnt get the ideal remedy and the interpretations made might have possible been wrong, and so leading to inadequate remedies.This case study indicates that there are numerous different factors that Freud didnt deem which could have been the motive of Little Hans phobia. His phobia might have been better elucidated through operant conditioning. Little Hans had witnessed a falling horse before, therefore, it might be that he related his fear at that instant with the falling horse and therefore develop the phobia.  However, Freud was capable to gather an adequate amount of selective information about Little Hans which helped him in the explanation of his fear. However, his case studies are subject to partiality as most of his case studies focused on middle-class Victorian female, however some of his cases focused on males. This indicates that his results are sex bias and might not be relevant to the black eye sex.Also, his explanation are opinion based w hich means that they might take off to another psychoanalysts explanation. This could possible lead to issues to the welfare of the person who will not get remedies as of dissimilar information they are getting. Another problem with the psychodynamic approach is that the therapies people get entails time and dedication. This means that the client needs to be dedicated in the remedy in order for them to recover. Another therapy like medicine might possibly be quicker, however psychoanalysis has a more long term effect on the person. Where remedies can lead to deterioration, psychoanalysis will alter the clients perception and lead to long term modifications. This is beneficial for the patient because at the therapy and counselling centre, they will be aware that the dedication and time will be useful, also will identify long term modification after some time.