Case against the Death Penalty

When the then get together Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan was presented with a petition containing 3. 2 million signatures from 146 countries for a worldwide moratorium on the conclusion denounce, he had commented The forfeiture of lookspan is too absolute, too irreversible, for peerless humankind being to inflict it on an some other, even when backed by legal process. And I debate that future generations, throughtaboo the world, get out scram it off to agree. (Gettings) The words of the former UN Secretary General were in fact an echo of the sentiments of the millions of signatories to the petition that was presented to him.The devastation sentence strikes at the core of human sensitivity and sensibility. The world is divided into to the highest degree two equal camps one passionately in support and the other equ tout ensembley passionately against this extreme measure of censure in human history. Forty-seven percent Ameri stick outs support the decease penaliz ation, while 48% would rather prefer life without payrole ( dying Penalty Information Centre). Both the camps present practical, logical and convincing arguments favoring their stand. Those who are against the remnant penalization believe that this extreme measure has minimum disability effect, violates the most fundamental of human make ups, i.e. the mighty to life, is completely out of sync with down hunting lodge and should be abolished outright and forthwith. Those who support the final stage penalisation, on the other hand, do so because they hold that it acts as a major deterrent to heinous crimes, crimes committed by criminals who, match to them, not notwithstanding do not deserve a place in clubhouse, nevertheless in addition lose the right to life. They ware to die so that each chance of them repeating their crime and adding others to their disputation of victims is eliminated forever. The recite, it is reasoned, takes the life to accord protection to fut ure victims of the convicted.An objective analysis of the arguments for and against the goal penalty however send word only lead to the inevitable conclusion that the finis penalty has no place in genteel society. Two very undeniable and universal facts override in all arguments in support of the end penalty the fundamental human right to life along with all its critical implications to the individual and to society, and the irrevocability and finality of the wipeout sentence that takes away all probability of redemption or reconsideration at the face of the human nature to err.The Deterrent Factor Those who support the finis penalty do so on the root word of the belief that it acts as a strong deterrent to crimes similar to those committed by the condemned. The facts and figures, however, tell a different story. In the unify States, the south accounts for 80% of the total executions, yet it has the highest murder account. However, the northeast, which has less than 1% o f all executions, also has the lowest murder rate (Death Penalty Information Centre).The figures lend themselves to very groovy forward interpretations either the oddment penalty is failing miserably to act as a deterrent in the south or it has to be acquited that the citizenry of the south is inherently lots bloody in nature or is simply more(prenominal) susceptible to murder. There are other figures that hold the fact that the termination penalty does not very result in a decrease in murder rates. In Canada, the remnant penalty was abolished in 1976. The homicide rate in the country started declining since 1975, and in 1999 the homicide rate was the lowest since 1967.An analysis by the sore York Times in 2000 tack together that the homicide rates in the US states with the finis penalty turn in been 48% to 101% higher than in states without the death penalty (John Howard union of Ontario). An overwhelming 84% of the top criminologists of the United States have rejecte d the notion that the death penalty acts as a deterrent to murder (Radelet & Akers). The Amnesty internationalist has also failed to find conclusive evidence that the death penalty has any unique capacity to deter others from committing similar crimes.In its survey of research findings on the relative between the death penalty and homicide rates conducted in 1998 and updated in 2002, it concluded that it was not prudent to accept the hypothesis that capital penalization deters murder to a marginally greater extent than does the threat and finishing of the supposedly lesser punishment of life imprisonment. (Hood 230) If deterrence implies that the condemned is rendered unable to repeat the crime and claim more victim, then it will also have to imply that the condemned would have repeated the crime if allowed to escape the death penalty.That can however be an assumption and an assumption only. And even if we assume that the condemned person would have indeed tried to repeat the c rime, it would be possible only if the person is allowed the liberty and the opportunity to do so. feeling imprisonment without parole would be a preferred alternative to the death penalty in such a case. Critics would however be quick to point out the financial implications of life imprisonment. Alternative core to incapacitate In utilise, however, numerous studies have found that the cost of implementing a death penalty is much higher than the cost of maintaining a prisoner for life.There are many reasons wherefore the death penalty is more expensive than life imprisonment without the possibility of parole ( peachy Punishment Project) i. A much higher office of cases go to trial in case of death penalties. ii. Murder trials generally take drawn-out when the death penalty is at homecoming. A capital murder trial lasts over 3. 5 time longer than non-capital murder trials (Cook & Slawson). Certain constitutional safeguards have to be taken in the case of death penalty trials leading to greater time requirement. The Jury selection procedure is also more complex and dense and takes more time.iii. Death penalty trials require more intense pretrial preparations and more elaborate proceedings. The sentencing sort almost amounts to a second trial. All litigation costs, more often than not, have to be borne by the tax payer. The Joint Legislative Budget citizens committee of the California Legislature has concluded that elimination of the death penalty would result in a net savings to the state of at least several(prenominal) tens of millions of dollars annually, and a net savings to local governments in the millions to tens of millions of dollars on a statewide basis. (Budget Committee)It is at that placefore luxuriously clear the life imprisonment without parole is a comparatively cheaper and equally effective alternative to the death penalty, but imposed the uniform degree of incapacitation on the condemned on the individual level. The May 2006 Gallu p Poll (in the United States) found that overall support for the death penalty was 65% (down from 80% in 1994). The same crest revealed that when respondents are given the choice of life without parole as an alternate sentencing option, more choose life without parole (48%) than the death penalty (47%). (John Howard party of Ontario)Irreversibility of the Death Penalty The intrinsic weakness of the death penalty as a justifiable measure lies in the fact that it is irreversible and irrevocable. Numerous examples bear testimonial to the fact that even the highest judicial system of any country can make mistakes, that innocent persons have been dealt the death penalty time and again, that persons on the death run-in had been granted last minute abeyance when their innocence had been proved. Studies reveal that more than 200 people have been wrongfully convicted of serious crimes such as murder and rape in California alone since 1989 (Martin).In the United States, 123 persons have be en exonerated and released from death row since 1973 (Death Penalty Information Center). A 1980s study in the United States identified 353 cases since the turn of the hundred of wrongful convictions for offences punishable by death and 25 innocent persons were actually executed (John Howard Society of Ontario). The death penalty leaves no scope for errors in judgment. If a person is found to be innocent by and by(prenominal) the sentence has been carried out, there is no way in which the wrong can be undone.Unlike in other cases, the option for compensation for a wrong done is also completely ruled out in the case of the death penalty. It is therefore assumed that the state and the judicial mechanism are infallible, that there can be no mistakes. The facts have proved this assumption wrong. The core issue of human rights The most raise case against the death penalty is that it is an infringement on the most fundamental of all human rights the right to life. A death penalty is im posed in the name of the state. But does the state actually have the right to deprive a person of his or her life?It could be a dangerous suggest even to believe so. Hitlers Germany believed in the absolute right of the state. The consequences mark a very sorry period in the history of humankind. Are we tempting fate again by according the state the right to impose and execute the death penalty? In the December 1948 Universal Declaration of humane Rights, nations of the world came together to ensure the fundamental rights of every person. These human rights were not subject to the will of the state, but were declared to be inherent in every human being. It was not the states claim to grant or withdraw the human rights.The fundamental human rights therefore put limitations on what a state may do to a person. The Universal declaration recognizes each persons right to life. The death penalty is therefore a fragrant violation of human rights. Human rights preserve the self-respect of the individual. There can be no justification inhuman and cruel treatment and punishment that degrades the middle of humanity. The death penalty inflicts the most severe kind of mental and physical torture not only on the condemned, but also on al those who are related to the condemned. Every member of the society also has to own responsibility as a constituent unit of the state.In fact, the broader understanding of human rights issue has been the basis of abolition of the death penalty in many countries. In 1995, S wo(e) abolished the death penalty on the grounds that the death penalty simply could not be fitted into the penal system of advanced and civilized societies, that depriving a person of life was too degrading or afflictive a punishment (Hood 14). The southeasterly African Constitutional Court (154) in its historic opinion when banning the death penalty commented that the death penalty violated the right to life and dignity which is the most important of all human rig hts.And by banning the death penalty, the state was effectively demonstrating the fact. Countries such as Singapore and Trinidad and Tobago have had to deny that the death penalty was a violation of human rights in order to carry on with their practice of the death penalty. However, the fact that the death penalty is a critical human rights issue has gained increasing acceptance at the international level. In 1997, the U. N. High Commission for Human Rights approved a resolution stating that the abolition of the death penalty contributes to the enhancement of human dignity and to the progressive development of human rights. (12) Subsequent resolutions strengthened this resolution by restricting the offences for which the death penalty could be imposed, eventually leading to abolition. The member states of the Council of Europe have established Protocol 6 to the European Council on Human Rights advocating the abolition of the death penalty. On the same grounds, the European Union ha d made the abolition of the death penalty a precondition for entry into the Union. This had resulted in the halting of executions in many east European countries such as Russia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Serbia, Montenegro and Turkey which had applied for rank and file to the Union.Not an eye for an eye Proponents of the death penalty attempt to rationalize their stand on the principle of lex talionis or eye-for-an-eye which advocates that violence must in some measure be answered by violence or that the punishment should fit the crime. They believe that such retribution serves justice to murder victims and their survivors. Robert Blecker of the New York Law School testified of course grateful, we reward those who bring us pleasure. Instinctively resentful, we punish those who cause us pain. Retributively, society intentionally inflicts pain and suffering on criminals because and to the extent that they deserve it.But only to the extent they deserve it. Justice, a moral supreme in itse lf, requires deserved punishment. Just as the individual do not have the right to kill, society also should not be empowered to kill. The retribution theory would dictate that the rapist be assault and the house of the arsonist be set on fire. Such a policy would go against the staple fibre tenets of justice. If violence can be justified by violence than it follows that every act of violence whether perpetuated by the state or the individual would be justifiable on some ground or the other.Retribution in kind would bring the state down to the level of the criminal. There would then be no promissory note between the dispenser of the law and the one who violates it. Discriminatory Applications The extent of misuse of the death penalty is another reason that calls for its abolition. In the political context, the death penalty has often been used to eliminate opponents and suppress popular uprisings. present, the inquire of fairness in making the judgment becomes a very subjective one.What is punishable by death for one political regime could very well be deemed a heroic act of heroism for another. The labeling of the act therefore depends very much on the actors and the circumstances and the environment in which they operate. That is the reason why people who are executed are often subsequently turned into martyrs. It happened in Hitlers Germany, in India and in sec Africa. It is happening in Iraq, in Afghanistan, in Serbia and in many other places wherever two groups of people look at the world with conflicting perspectives. Take the example of ibn Talal Hussein Hussien.Richard talk termss, director of Human Rights experiences International Justice Program, was a rational voice when he said , Saddam Hussein was responsible for massive human rights violations, but that cant justify giving him the death penalty, which is a cruel and inhuman punishment. (Human Rights Watch) A November 2006 report by Human Rights Watch pointed out numerous serious flaws i n the trial of Saddam Hussein. Among other defects, the report found that Iraqi government actions had all along undermined the Iraqi High Tribunal and threatened its independence and perceived impartiality.Handing Saddam Hussein the death penalty has been viewed by a large section of the world as a measure made necessary by the prevailing political and military situation rather than a quest for justice. There is also a very strong view in the United States that the application program of the death sentence is racially discriminatory. Studies have been conducted to examine the relationship between washout and death penalty in all the states that where the death penalty is still active.The Capital Punishment Project reports that 96% studies found a pattern of either race-of-victim or race-of-defendant discrimination. Of those executed since 1976, approximately 35% have been black, even though blacks constitute only 12% of the population. It has been found that the odds of receiving a death sentence are almost four times higher if the defendant is black. The Amnesty International has also allegeed that races does have an intrusion on capital punishment, and that the judicial system of the United States have been able to do precious piffling about it.Amnesty International has attributed this failure of the courts and legislatures of the USA to act decisively at the face of evidence that race has an impact on the death sentence to a collective blind faith that America will never waver on the non-negotiable demands of human dignity including equal justice. Even if the death penalty was justifiable, there is compelling evidence that its implementation falls far short of the standards of fairness expected. There is a course to use this extreme measure as an intimidating factor by the powerful forces of the world to assert themselves and to wrongfully dominate and suppress others.The world is coming around The good news is that the world at large is coming toge ther to prove that the death penalty is an unacceptable proposition. The United Nations has declared itself in favour of abolition. Two-thirds of the countries of the world have now abolished the death penalty in law or in practice. In the United States itself, 13 states are now without the death penalty. The latest information from Amnesty International shows that i. 90 countries and territories have abolished the death penalty for all crimes ii. 11 countries have abolished the death penalty for all but exceptional crimes such as wartime crimesiii. 30 countries can be considered abolitionist in practice they retain the death penalty in law but have not carried out any executions for the past 10 years or more and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions, iv. a total of 131 countries have abolished the death penalty in law or practice, v. 66 other countries and territories retain and use the death penalty, but the number of countries which actually execute prisoners in any one year is much smaller. The debate over capital punishment has raged on long enough. The world is finally showing the door to the death penalty.In doing so, it is stating in no changeful terms that the sanctity of life of a fellow human being is above the purview of all man-made laws. That only the giver of life has the right to take it back. Works Cited 1. Amnesty international, United States of America, Death by discrimination the continuing role of race in capital cases, April 24, 2003. Library, Online Documentation Archive. November 10, 2007 2. Blecker, Robert. Letter to the New Jersey Death Penalty Study Commission supplementing previous testimony, October 24, 2006. 3.Budget Committee, Joint Legislative Budget Committee of the California Legislature, September 9, 1999. 4. Capital Punishment Project, Race and the Death Penalty, American Civil Liberties Union, November 10, 2007 http//www. aclu. org/death-penalty 5. Capital Punishment Proje ct, The High Costs of the Death Penalty. American Civil Liberties Union, 2003. 6. Death Penalty Information Center, naturalness and the Death Penalty, November 9, 2006. 7. Death Penalty Information Centre. November 5, 2007 Facts about the Death Penalty. November 8, 2007. http//www. deathpenaltyinfo. org/FactSheet. pdf 8. Gettings, John. Death Penalty Update, Here & Abroad. Infoplease, November 8, 2007. 9. Hood, Roger, The Death Penalty A World-wide Perspective. 2002. Oxford, Clarendon Press, third edition, 2002. 10. Human Rights Watch, Iraq Saddam Hussein put to Death. Hanging after flawed trial undermines the rule of law. December 2006. Human Rights News. November 10, 2007 http//hrw. org/english/docs/2006/12/30/iraq14950. htm 11. John Howard Society of Ontario, The Death Penalty Any Nations Shame. March, 2001, John Howard Society of Ontario publication. November 8, 2007 www. johnhowardphd. ca/PDFs/Fact%20Sheets/death%20penalty. pdf 12. Nina, Martin, Innocence Lost, Nov ember 2004, San Francisco Magazine, November 9, 2007, http//www. sanfran. com/archives/view_story/200/ 13. Philip J. Cook & Donna B. Slawson, The Costs of Prosecuting Murder Cases in North Carolina. 1993 14. The South African Constitutional Court, Makwanyane and Mchunu v. The State, 16 HRLJ, 1995. 15. United Nations High Commission for Human Rights Resolution, E/CN. 4/1997, April 3, 1997.